Fig. 1.

Juglone (Jug) based nanosensors. A) Schematic representation for synthesis of Jug-PE: The Jug-PE was synthesized from Jug-P (a product of Juglone and 3-MPA reaction) by EDC/NHS coupling reaction. The synthesized Jug-PE would have used as a attached redox molecule for the biosensor designing.B) The codeine's aptasensor: The specific aptamer of codeine was immobilized on a gold surface via its 5'-thiolated terminus. Then, the redox molecule, Jug-PE, was attached to the 3'-amino modified terminus of the aptamer's sequence and use for target sensing.