Table 2.
Summary data for individual parameters.
| Parameter | Safe | Penetration | Aspiration | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impedance parameters | ||||
| PNadImp | 29 ± 27 | 31 ± 29 | 44 ± 36 | 0.015 |
| TPNadImp-PeakP | 0.23 ± 0.15 | 0.21 ± 0.19 | 0.15 ± 0.16 | 0.054 |
| Flow Interval | 0.92 ± 0.73 | 1.44 ± 0.97 | 1.77 ± 0.80 | <0.001 |
| Manometry parameters | ||||
| Peak UES pressure | 207 ± 158 | 206 ± 108 | 221 ± 224 | 0.403 |
| UES RI | 0.87 ± 0.34 | 0.97 ± 0.37 | 0.95 ± 0.49 | 0.482 |
| UES IBP | 16 ± 11 | 29 ± 17 | 24 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| UES MRP | 5 ± 8 | 14 ± 13 | 12 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| UES DSR | 20 ± 20 | 44 ± 48 | 36 ± 40 | 0.001 |
| Peak pharyngeal pressure | 134 ± 75 | 95 ± 72 | 105 ±67 | 0.017 |
| Slope | 12.6 ± 4.8 | 9.0 ±5.5 | 13.1 ±7.3 | 0.008 |
| Maximum VP pressure | 152 ± 60 | 117 ± 106 | 123 ± 81 | <0.001 |
| Maximum TB pressure | 164 ± 148 | 131 ±114 | 133 ±108 | 0.462 |
| Pre-opening UES pressure | 96 ± 77 | 85 ± 56 | 79 ±55 | 0.765 |
| Post-closure UES pressure | 234 ± 157 | 168 ± 117 | 189 ± 205 | 0.004 |
| Rise time VP | 0.29 ± 0.14 | 0.34 ± 0.17 | 0.32 ± 0.13 | 0.338 |
| Rise time TB | 0.31 ± 0.11 | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.35 ± 0.15 | 0.322 |
| Rise time pre-opening UES | 0.27 ± 0.11 | 0.32 ±0.15 | 0.25 ± 0.14 | 0.227 |
| Rise time post-closure UES | 0.28 ± 0.15 | 0.39 ±0.23 | 0.24 ± 0.10 | 0.062 |
| Fall time VP | 0.48 ± 0.15 | 0.65 ± 0.36 | 0.53 ±0.19 | 0.159 |
| Fall time TB | 0.34 ± 0.15 | 0.44 ±0.21 | 0.37 ±0.17 | 0.087 |
| Fall time pre-opening UES | 0.19 ± 0.11 | 0.25 ± 0.15 | 0.20 ± 0.14 | 0.366 |
| Fall time post-closure UES | 0.49 ± 0.19 | 0.57 ± 0.23 | 0.49 ±0.21 | 0.381 |
| Duration VP | 0.77 ± 0.13 | 1.01 ± 0.47 | 0.85 ± 0.22 | 0.037 |
| Duration TB | 0.65 ± 0.17 | 0.76 ± 0.26 | 0.72 ± 0.24 | 0.058 |
| Duration UES | 1.71 ± 0.36 | 1.71 ±1.21 | 1.56 ± 0.40 | 0.032 |
| Total swallow duration | 0.71 ± 0.28 | 1.00 ±0.42 | 0.72 ± 0.29 | 0.008 |
| Integral VP | 5935 ± 2462 | 2838 ± 1607 | 4081 ± 2246 | <0.001 |
| Integral TB | 3492 ± 2330 | 2536 ± 1272 | 3408 ±2116 | 0.398 |
| Integral UES | 9135 ± 7374 | 4976 ±2087 | 7431 ±11665 | <0.001 |
| Minimum UES pressure | -8 ± 11 | -3 ±7 | 0 ±7 | <0.001 |
| UES resting pressure | 27 ± 27 | 37 ±27 | 41 ±58 | 0.146 |
UES = upper esophageal sphincter; RI = rest interval; IBP = intrabolus pressure; MRP = mean relaxation pressure; DSR = deglutitive sphincter resistance; PNadImp = pressure at the impedance nadir; TNadImp-PeakP = difference in time between maximum pharyngeal pressure and PNadImp; VP = velopharynx; TB = tongue base.