Table 2.
Phenotypes of long-term energy substrate exposure1
| Long-term ethanol exposure | Long-term fructose exposure |
| Hematologic disorders | |
| Electrolyte abnormalities | |
| Hypertension | Hypertension (uric acid) |
| Cardiac dilation | |
| Cardiomyopathy | Myocardial infarction (dyslipidemia, insulin resistance) |
| Dyslipidemia | Dyslipidemia (de novo lipogenesis) |
| Pancreatitis | Pancreatitis (hypertriglyceridemia) |
| Obesity (insulin resistance) | Obesity (insulin resistance) |
| Malnutrition | Malnutrition (obesity) |
| Hepatic dysfunction (ASH) | Hepatic dysfunction (NASH) |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | |
| Addiction | Habituation, if not addiction |
1
Reproduced with permission from (59).