Metabolic pathways related to de novo lipogenesis. A liver cell is shown, with VLDL secretory pathway and fructose uptake; otherwise, the pathways also apply in adipocytes. Circled minus sign, inhibitory action. ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; CF'T-1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1; CL, ATP:citrate lyase; FAS, fatty acid synthetase; OAA, oxaloacetate; P, phosphate; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; TCAC, tricarboxylic acid cycle. Reproduced from (95) with permission.