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Schematic of torsion angle definition. π1 is the plane defined by the first three atoms Ci−2, Ci−1, and Ci. Similarly, π2 is defined by the next three atoms Ci−1, Ci, and Ci+1. The torsion angle, θ, is determined by the angle between these two planes. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
