Table 1. Studies with direct mention of regional interdependence.
| Authors | Title and journal | Regions | Design | Number of subjects | Level of evidence* |
| Systematic reviews and meta analyses | |||||
| Walser RF, Meserve BB, Boucher TR51 | The effectiveness of thoracic spine manipulation for the management of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Man Manip Ther 2009 | Thoracic spine and various musculoskeletal conditions | Systematic review of cohort RCTs | N/A | Level 2a |
| Randomized control trials and experimental studies | |||||
| Bunn EA, Grindstaff TL, Hart JM, Hertel J, Ingersoll CD103 | Effects of paraspinal fatigue on lower extremity motoneuron excitability in individuals with a history of low back pain. J Electrophysiol Kinesiol 2011 | Lumbar spine and lower extremity | Cohort | 20 | Level 2b |
| de Oliveira Grassi D, Zanelli de Souza M, Belissa Ferrareto S, Imaculada de Lima Montebelo M, Caldeira de Oliveira Guirro E104 | Immediate and lasting improvements in weight distribution seen in baropodometry following a high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust manipulation of the sacroiliac joint. Man Ther 2011 | Sacroiliac joint and lower extremity | Prospective cohort | 20 | Level 2b |
| Iverson CA, Sutlive TG, Crowell MS, Morrell RL, Perkins MW, Garber MB, Moore JH, Wainner RS105 | Lumbopelvic manipulation for the treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: development of a clinical prediction rule. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2008 | Lumbar spine and knee | Cohort CPR | 50 | Level 2b |
| Mintken PE, Cleland JA, Carpenter KJ, Bieniek ML, Keirns M, Whitman JM5 | Some factors predict successful short-term outcomes in individuals with shoulder pain receiving cervicothoracic manipulation: a single-arm trial. Phys Ther 2010 | Cervicothoracic spine and shoulder | Cohort CPR | 80 | Level 2b |
| Strunce JB, Walker MJ, Boyles RE, Young BA7 | The immediate effects of thoracic spine and rib manipulation on subjects with primary complaints of shoulder pain. J Man Manip Ther 2009 | Thoracic spine and shoulder | Cohort | 21 | Level 2b |
| Case studies | |||||
| Burns SA, Mintken PE, Austin GP106 | Clinical decision making in a patient with secondary hip-spine syndrome. Physiother Theory Pract 2011 | Hip and lumbar spine | Case study | 1 | Level 4 |
| Lowry CD, Cleland JA, Dyke K107 | Management of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome using a multimodal approach: A case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2008 | Knee and multiple regions | Case series | 5 | Level 4 |
| Vaughn DW108 | Isolated knee pain: a case report highlighting regional interdependence. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2008 | Knee and pelvis | Case study | 1 | Level 4 |
| Welsh C, Hanney WJ, Podschun L, Kolber MJ109 | Rehabilitation of a female dancer with patellofemoral pain syndrome: applying concepts of regional interdependence in practice. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2010 | Knee and multiple regions | Case study | 1 | Level 4 |
| Clinical commentaries | |||||
| Lucado A, Kolber M, Echternach J, Cheng MS53 | Subacromial impingement syndrome and lateral epicondylalgia in tennis players. Phys Ther Rev 2010 | Shoulder and elbow | |||
| Isabel de-la-Llave-Rincon, A., Puentedura EJ., Fernandez-de-las-Penas C110 | Clinical presentation and manual therapy for upper quadrant musculoskeletal conditions. J Man Manip Ther 2011 | Upper quadrant | |||
| Reiman MP, Weisbach PC, Glynn PE111 | The hips influence on low back pain: a distal link to a proximal problem. J Sport Rehabil 2009 | Hip and lumbar spine | |||
| Sueki DG, Chaconas EJ26 | The effects of thoracic manipulation of shoulder function: a regional interdependence model. Phys Ther Rev 2011 | Thoracic spine and shoulder | |||
| Editorials | |||||
| Wainner RS, Whitman JM, Cleland JA, Flynn TW1 | Regional interdependence: a musculoskeletal examination model whose time has come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007 | Not applicable | |||
| Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, George SZ8 | Regional interdependence: a musculoskeletal examination model whose time has come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2008 | Not applicable | |||
Note: RCT: randomized control trial; CPR: clinical prediction rule.
*Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence Criteria: 2a, systematic review of cohort studies; 2b, individual cohort study; 3a, systematic review of case control studies; 3b, individual case control study; 4, case series.