Table 1.

Evidence for Conserved and Nonconserved^a TEs Exapted as Enhancers and Insulators.

TE	Function	Genes Controlled	Technique(s)	Evolutionarily Conserved?	References
LINE1	Enhancer	Human apoa	YAC transgenic mice, reporter assays in cell culture	No (humans, primates?)	Yang et al. (1998)
Alu	Insulator, barrier element	Human K18	Transgenic mice	No (humans, primates?)	Willoughby et al. (2000)
LF-SINE	Enhancer	Mammalian Isl1	Conservation, mouse transgenesis	Mammals	Bejerano et al. (2006)
CORE-SINE	Enhancer (nPE2)	Mammalian Pomc	Conservation, mouse transgenesis	All mammals	Santangelo et al. (2007)
B2 SINE	Insulator, barrier element	Mouse growth hormone	Mouse BAC transgenesis, reporter assays in cell culture	No (only mouse/rodents)	Lunyak et al. (2007)
MIR SINE	Enhancer “boost"	Mammalian Tal1	Conservation, reporter assays stable cell culture, embryoid bodies	Placental mammals	Smith et al. (2008)
AmnSINE	Enhancer	Mammalian SATB2	Conservation, mouse transgenesis	Mammals	Sasaki et al. (2008) and Tashiro et al. (2011)
AmnSINE	Enhancer	mammalian Fgf8	conservation, mouse transgenesis	Mammals	Sasaki et al. (2008) and Nakanishi et al. (2012)
ERV9 (LTR)	Enhancer	β-globin locus	BAC transgenic mice, ChIP, 3C	Great apes and humans only	Pi et al. (2010)
MaLR (LTR)	Enhancer	Mammalian Pomc	Conservation, mouse transgenesis	Placental mammals	Franchini et al. (2011)
Hopscotch (DNA)	Enhancer	Maize/teosinte tb1	QTL positional cloning	No (polymorphic in teosinte)	Studer et al. (2011)

Note.—MaLR, mammalian apparent LTR; QTL, quantitative trait locus.

^aConservation in restricted lineages such as primates and rodents was counted as “non-conserved."