Table 1.
Summary of the most relevant CT-1-mediated effects in vitro, in vivo, and in humans in adipose tissue and obesity.
| Author [Ref.] | Year | Model | Exogenous treatment | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro | ||||
|
| ||||
| Natal et al. [13] | 2008 | Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes versus differentiated adipocytes | Not applicable | Upregulation of CT-1 levels in differentiated adipocytes and in response to proinflammatory molecules |
|
| ||||
| Zvonic et al. [14] | 2004 | Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes | Recombinant human CT-1 (0.02–2 nM) | Dose- and time-dependent activation and nuclear translocation of STAT1, -3, -5A, and -5B as well as ERK1 and -2 |
|
| ||||
| In vivo | ||||
|
| ||||
| Zvonic et al. [14] | 2004 | 7-week-old C57B1/6J mice | Recombinant human CT-1 at 0.5 microg/animal versus vehicle | Activation of MAPK, STAT-1, -3 in epididymal fat pads |
|
| ||||
| López-Andrés et al. [55] | 2012 | Wistar rats | Treatment with rat recombinant CT-1 (20 μg/kg per day till 6 weeks) versus vehicle | Chronic treatment with CT-1 increases fibrosis within heart vessel and kidney as compared to controls |
|
| ||||
| Moreno-Aliaga et al. [18] | 2011 | CT-1 knockout versus wild-type mice under normal diet, high-cholesterol diet, or streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetes | Treatment with rat recombinant CT-1 (0.2 mg/kg per day for 6–10 days) versus vehicle | CT-1 knockout mice develop obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia despite a reduced caloric intake as compared to wild type. Acute treatment with CT-1 decreased blood glucose in an insulin-independent manner as compared to vehicle. Chronic treatment with CT-1 treatment reduced food intake, enhanced energy expenditure, and induced white adipose tissue remodeling as compared to vehicle |
|
| ||||
| Humans | ||||
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| ||||
| Natal et al. [13] | 2008 | Patients with metabolic syndrome (n = 43) versus healthy controls (n = 94) | Not applicable | Increased plasma levels of CT-1 in metabolic syndrome patients as compared to controls |
|
| ||||
| Limongelli et al. [56] | 2010 | Triathletes versus matched controls (n = 20 per group) | Not applicable | During physical exercise, plasma levels of CT-1 were significantly increased as compared to levels at rest in triathletes |
|
| ||||
| Jung et al. [58] | 2008 | White adolescents (aged 13 to 17 years) overweight (n = 37) versus normal weight controls (n = 35) | Not applicable | No increase in CT-1 plasma levels in overweight adolescents as compared to normal weight controls |