Table 1.

Sociodemographic composition of the cohort (N = 228)

	No.	%a
Gender = female	113	50
Living in poverty	196	86
Maternal education
1. Some elementary	14	6
2. Completed elementary	70	31
3. Completed high school or GED	125	55
4. Completed college	19	8
Single parent	106	47
Primary caregiver
Biological mother	225	99
Biological father or grandmother	3	1.3
Spanish is the only or main language spoken at home	228	100
Mother's place of birth
Dominican Republic	119	52
Puerto Rico	48	21
El Salvador, Guatemala, and other Latin American countries	49	22
United States	12	5b
Mother's lifetime percent resided in the United States
US-born	12	5
More than 50 %	72	31
Less than 50 %	143	64
Mother's undocumented status	60	26
Children exposed to neighborhood violence	45	20

^aTotals may not add to 100 due to rounding

^bPer inclusion criteria, when the mother was US-born, the child's father was born in a Spanish-speaking country