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Intrathecal injection of LPS. Rats were injected intrathecally with either vehicle (n = 6), 100 pg of LPS (n = 5), 10 ng of LPS (n = 5) or 10 µg of LPS (n = 5) and, 3 h later, lumbosacral CSF was collected and stored at −80 °C. An ELISA was then used to quantify TNF-α in the CSF. Mean ± SEM TNF-α concentration is shown. CSF from all LPS groups including 100 pg of LPS (3 ± 1 pM) contained significantly more TNF-α than the vehicle-injected (0.2 ± 0.02 pM) group (GLZ, p < 0.05)
