Table 1. Baseline characteristic of individuals by smoking status in Singapore Chinese Health Study.
| N = 63163 | Men N = 27907 | Women N = 35256 | |||||||||
| Men ever smokers(years of smoking) | Women ever smokers(years of smoking) | ||||||||||
| Never smokerN = 11706 | > = 40 yearsN = 5491 | 20–39 yearsN = 8467 | < = 19 yearsN = 2243 | P for trend | Never smokerN = 32153 | > = 40 yearsN = 1290 | 20–39 yearsN = 1274 | < = 19 yearsN = 539 | P for trend | ||
| Age at recruitment (mean, SD) | 56.5 (8.0) | 55.38 (7.8) | 63.38 (6.0) | 54.61 (7.1) | 55.37 (7.9) | <0.0001 | 55.83 (7.9) | 65.07 (5.6) | 59.10 (7.2) | 58.77 (8.2) | <0.0001 |
| Education % | |||||||||||
| No formal education | 17308 (27.4) | 877 (7.5) | 1197 (21.8) | 827 (9.8) | 156 (7.0) | <0.0001 | 12341 (38.4) | 897 (69.5) | 740 (58.1) | 273 (50.7) | <0.0001 |
| Primary | 28001 (44.3) | 5051 (43.1) | 3433 (62.5) | 4698 (55.5) | 1097 (48.9) | 12725 (39.6) | 345 (26.7) | 444 (34.9) | 208 (38.5) | ||
| Second &above | 17854 (28.3) | 5778 (49.4) | 861 (15.7) | 2942 (34.7) | 990 (44.1) | 7087 (22.0) | 48 (3.7) | 90 (7.0) | 58 (10.8) | ||
| Dialect % | |||||||||||
| Cantonese | 29239 (46.3) | 5756 (49.2) | 2039 (37.1) | 3414 (40.3) | 1111 (49.5) | <0.0001 | 15444 (48.0) | 611 (47.4) | 569 (44.7) | 295 (54.7) | 0.0004 |
| Hokkein | 33924 (53.7) | 5950 (50.8) | 3452 (62.9) | 5053 (59.7) | 1132 (50.5) | 16709 (52.0) | 679 (52.6) | 705 (55.3) | 244 (45.3) | ||
| History of hypertension % | 14985 (23.7) | 3062 (26.2) | 1159 (21.1) | 1667 (19.7) | 633 (28.2) | <0.0001 | 7754 (24.1) | 271 (21.0) | 301 (23.6) | 138 (25.6) | 0.073 |
| History of diabetes % | 5673 (9.0) | 1005 (8.6) | 510 (9.3) | 686 (8.1) | 215 (9.6) | 0.015 | 2850 (8.9) | 172 (13.3) | 171 (13.4) | 64 (11.9) | 0.641 |
| History of heart disease% | 2589 (4.1) | 449 (3.8) | 393 (7.2) | 423 (5.0) | 99 (4.4) | <0.0001 | 1028 (3.2) | 94 (7.3) | 73 (5.7) | 30 (5.6) | 0.194 |
| History of stroke % | 947 (1.5) | 176 (1.5) | 164 (3.0) | 132 (1.6) | 35 (1.6) | <0.0001 | 384 (1.2) | 29 (2.3) | 21 (1.7) | 6 (1.1) | 0.216 |
| Alcohol | |||||||||||
| Never | 55853 (88.4) | 9848 (84.1) | 4281 (77.9) | 6255 (73.9) | 1771 (78.9) | <0.0001 | 30831 (95.9) | 1197 (92.8) | 1171 (91.9) | 499 (92.6) | 0.421 |
| Weekly | 5105 (8.1) | 1486 (12.7) | 690 (12.6) | 1423 (16.8) | 354 (15.8) | 1017 (3.1) | 47 (3.6) | 65 (5.1) | 23 (4.3) | ||
| Daily | 2205 (3.5) | 372 (3.2) | 520 (9.5) | 789 (9.3) | 118 (5.3) | 305 (1.0) | 46 (3.6) | 38 (3.0) | 17 (3.2) | ||
| BMI (mean, SD) | 23.1 (3.3) | 23.3 (3.2) | 22.2 (3.1) | 22.9 (3.2) | 23.5 (3.2) | <0.0001 | 23.3 (3.3) | 22.6 (3.8) | 23.0 (3.5) | 23.2 (3.5) | 0.0006 |
| Ginseng | |||||||||||
| Never | 52582 (83.3) | 10009 (85.5) | 4755 (86.6) | 7258 (85.7) | 1866 (83.2) | 0.006 | 26142 (81.3) | 1082 (83.9) | 1044 (82.0) | 426 (79.0) | 0.124 |
| 1–3/month | 2884 (4.6) | 442 (3.8) | 233 (4.2) | 339 (4.0) | 108 (4.8) | 1587 (4.9) | 73 (5.7) | 71 (5.5) | 31 (5.8) | ||
| 1–3/week | 6039 (9.5) | 963 (8.2) | 395 (7.2) | 686 (8.1) | 214 (9.5) | 3482 (10.8) | 103 (8.0) | 131 (10.3) | 65 (12.1) | ||
| 4–6/week and more | 1658 (2.6) | 292 (2.5) | 108 (2.0) | 184 (2.2) | 55 (2.5) | 942 (2.9) | 32 (2.4) | 28 (2.2) | 17 (3.1) | ||