. 2012 Sep 26;18(3):244–250. doi: 10.1007/s12199-012-0307-5

Table 1.

Total nicotine and cotinine concentrations in urine samples from Japanese employees

All	N 219		Nicotine						Cotinine						Nicotine/cotinine ratio
			(ng/mL)			(ng/mg creatinine)			(ng/mL)			(ng/mg creatinine)			(moles/moles)
			Median	Quartile		Median	Quartile		Median	Quartile		Median	Quartile		Median	Quartile
Smokers	102		1635.2	2222.2		804.4	1170.6		3948.1	3512.2		1984.3	1468.8		0.42	0.68
Non-smokers	117		3.5	5.3		3.8	5.8		2.8	4.2		2.7	5.2		1.22	1.86
		p^a	<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Male	146				p^b			p^b			p^b			p^b			p^b
Smokers	86		1756.7	2177.3	<0.001	857.4	1156.4	0.018	4698.4	3225.5	0.002	2029.8	1467.9	0.076	0.47	0.68	0.178
Non-smokers	60		2.9	6.0	0.433	3.2	5.4	0.040	3.7	6.8	0.062	3.2	7.3	0.663	0.82	1.78	0.010
		p^a	<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Female	63
Smokers	16		766.7	1021.3		490.2	749.6		2386.1	2431.4		1648.8	1495.7		0.25	0.43
Non-smokers	57		4.2	4.8		4.9	5.8		2.4	2.9		2.6	2.6		1.48	1.97
		p^a	<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001

Differences determined by t-test using logarithms; 0.28 ng/mL, detection limit of nicotine/√2 was applied to data below detection limits (5 male and 3 female non-smokers). All cotinine values were above detection limits

N number of participants

^aSmokers versus non-smokers

^bMales versus females