Table 1.
evasion strategy | Possible mechanisms | Examples | References |
---|---|---|---|
RNAi | Encodes suppressors for RNA silencing (SRS) to inhibit RNAi responses | Ebolavirus | [43] |
Inhibition of TAP, Tapasin and disruption of MHC-I | Post-translational strategies inhibiting peptide transport and MHC-I biosynthesis by blocking peptide transporter (TAP) and chaperones like tapasin | HCMV | [58] |
Viral proteins, BNLF2a and mK3 inhibit TAP associated MHC-I response by targeting host tail-anchored protein integration machinery and regulating ubiquitination of TAP/tapasin, respectively. | EBV, HSV-1, BHV-1,GHV |
[64, 90] | |
Viral proteins like UL49.5 and US6 alter the conformation, degrade the TAP1/2 interfere with ATP binding. HSV ICP47 protein interferes with peptide binding. | PRV, HCMV HSV |
[3, 51, 61, 63, 65, 76, 78, 82] | |
LANA1 mediated evasion | Inhibits the presentation of Major Histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) | KSHV, EBV | [80] |
IRF3 production | Inhibits IFN-γ and CIITA and thus MHC-I expression. | KSHV | [125] |
Nef proteins | Nef proteins down-regulate MHC-I presentation of viral peptides. | SIV, HIV | [83, 96, 109, 145] |
Viral NLR homolog | Homolog inhibits the inflammasome and also block caspase-1 activation, IL-1β and IL-18 processing | KSHV | [55] |
Impairs RIG-I-like receptor-dependent signaling inhibiting IFN and TNF-α. | HCV | [88] | |
Encoding VP35 proteins PRR control | TLRs and RLRs are taken into virus control of PRR signaling and regulation of immune programs | EBV | [84] |
Inactivating MDA5 | MDA5 is a cytosolic PRR that is inactivated. | Paramyxovirus | [111] |
NF-κB suppression | Prevents NF-κB dependent gene expression by retaining p65 in cytoplasm when V protein binds to p65 (RelA) | Measles virus | [128] |
Proteases targeting signal transduction | Block IFN induction by affecting molecules of the innate immune pathways | HAV, HCV | [110] |
Degradation of cellular TRIF | Replication and transcription activator (RTA) degrades TRIF | KSHV | [2] |
CD1d down regulation | Viral protein E5 targets CD1d (a sentinel molecule bridging innate and adaptive immunity) by inhibiting calnexin-related CD1d trafficking | HPV | [97] |