Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Studies | Methods |
Interventions |
BIT results |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Study design | Control | Groups subjects (n) | Duration from onset to treatment | Treatment | Regime | Duration | Immediate | Long-term | |
| Nys et al. (2008) | PA | single-blind RCT | Placebo (neutral goggles) | n = 16 PA gp = 10 CT gp = 6 | ≤4 weeks | Wore pair of goggles fitted with wide-field point-to-point prismatic lenses shifted their visual field 10°/0° rightward and do some fast pointing movements | 30 min/session 4-days-in-row sessions | 4 days | BIT-C (−); BIT-B (−); follow-up = 1 month | |
| Serino et al. (2009) | PA | single-blind pseudo-RCT | Placebo (neutral goggles) | n = 20 PA gp = 10 CT gp = 10 | ≥1 month | Wore prismatic lenses, which shifted their visual field 10°/0°rightward and pointing movements | 30 min/Session 10 daily sessions within 2 weeks | 2 weeks | BIT (+) | BIT (+); follow-up = 1 month |
| Turton et al. (2010) | PA | single-blind RCT | Placebo (flat plain glass) | n = 36 PA gp = 17 CT gp = 19 (1 drop-out) (1 drop-out) | ≥20 days | Wore 10 diopter, 6 degree prisms using index finger to touch a bold vertical line on screen | Once a day, each working day | 2 weeks | BIT (−) | BIT (−); follow-up = 8 weeks |
| Mizuno et al. (2011) | PA | double-masked RCT | Placebo (neutral glasses) | n = 38 PA gp = 18 CT gp = 20 | ≤3 months | Wore prism glasses shifted visual field 12° to right and repeat pointing tasks | 20 min/Session bid, 5 days/week | 2 weeks | BIT-C (−); BIT-B (−) | BIT-C (−); BIT-B (−); follow-up until discharge |
| Làdavas et al. (2011) | PA | single-blind pseudo-RCT | Placebo (neutral glasses) | n = 30 TPA gp = 10 CPA gp = 10 CT gp = 10 | ≥2 months | Wore wide-field prismatic lenses inducing a 10° shift visual field to right and repeat pointing tasks | 30 min/Session one per day, 10 sessions | 2 weeks | TPA:BIT-B (+); BIT-C (+); CPA:BIT-C (−); BIT-B (−) | No follow-up |
| Robertson et al. (2002) | LA | single-blind RCT | Dummy device | n = 40 LA + PT = 19 (2 drop-out) PT = 21 (2 drop-out) | LA: 152.8 ± 142.4 PT: 152.1 ± 117.9 | Using a semi-automatic device for limb activation combined with perceptual training | 45 min/Session once a week 12 sessions | 12 weeks | BIT-B (−) | BIT-B (−); follow-up = 18–24 months |
| Luukkainen-Markkula et al. (2009) | LA | single-blind RCT | Conventional visual scanning training | n = 12 LA gp = 6 CT gp = 6 | ≤6 months | Arm activation training (determined by the individual hand and arm motor status assessed by WMFT) | Total 48 h of therapy | 3 weeks | BIT-C (+) | BIT-C (+) follow-up = 6 months |
| Fong et al. (2007) | TRTR + EP | single-blind RCT | Conventional OT | n = 54 TR gp = 19 TR + EP gp = 20 CT gp = 15 | ≤8 weeks | Trunk rotation was performed in three different positions: supine lying on a plinth, unsupported sitting on a plinth, and standing in a standing frame | 1 h/Session 5 times/week | 30 days | BIT-B (−); BIT-C (−); BIT (−) | BIT-B (−); BIT-C (−); BIT (−); follow-up = 60 days |
| Tsang et al. (2009) | EP | single-blind RCT | Conventional OT | n = 34 EP gp = 17 CT: 22.18 ± 15.87 | EP: 21.5 ± 21.67 | Underwent occupational therapy with special glasses blocking the right half visual field | 30 min ADL +30 min NDT for UL/day | 4 weeks | BIT-C (+) | No follow-up |
| CT gp = 17 | ||||||||||
| Harvey et al. (2003) | VF | RCT | Same activities but without feedback | n = 14 VF gp = 7 CT gp = 7 | 5–25 months | Experimenter-administered practice of rod lifting with judge center grids for proprioceptive and visual feedback | 1 h/day with 3 days, then 10 days of home-based intervention | 3 days/2 weeks | BIT-C (+); BIT-B (−) | BIT-C (+); BIT-B (−); follow-up = 1 month |
| Koch et al. (2012) | TBS | double-blind RCT | Sham coil angled 90° | n = 18 TBS gp = 9 CT gp = 9 | ≥1 months (43 ± 16 days) | 3-pulse bursts at 50 Hz repeated every 200 ms for 40 s, 80% AMT over the left PPC | 2 Sessions/day, 15 min interval; 5 days/week | 2 weeks | BIT-B (+); BIT-C (+); BIT (+) | BIT-B (+); BIT-C (+); BIT (+); follow-up = 1 month |
| Ferreira et al. (2011) | MP VST | single-blind RCT | Conventional PT without any treatment for neglect | n = 15 MP gp = 5 VST gp = 5 CT gp = 5 | ≥3 months | VS: the protocol included 4 tasks: 2 directed to the extrapersonal space and 2 addressing peripersonal neglect; MP: included 4 tasks: 2 tasks of motor imagery and 2 of visual imagery | 1 h/Session twice per week | 5 weeks | VST: BIT-C (+); MP: BIT-C (−) | VST: BIT-C (+); MP:BIT-C (−) follow-up = 2 months |
PA, prism adaptation; LA, limb activation; TR, trunk rotation; EP, eye patching; VF, visuomotor feedback; TBS, theta-burst stimulation; MP, mental practice; VST, visual scanning training; BIT (Total), total score on Behavioral Inattention Test; BIT-C, BIT conventional subtest; BIT-B, BIT behavioral subtest; OT, occupational therapy; PT, physiotherapy.