Fig. 8.

Cytokine profiles on skin flaps

Tissues were harvested at postoperative Day 5 from the proximal, middle, and distal points along the vessel axis. Cytokine production was assessed by multiplex analysis of tissue homogenates. (a) HRS administrated 10 min before reperfusion markedly reduced the up-regulation of all inflammatory cytokines. (b) Chemokines were reduced by HRS treatment, with the exception of RANTES. GRO/KC was markedly reduced in the HRS-10 group. (c) HRS treatments decreased the levels of GM-CSF and M-CSF in the tissues. Cytokine changes indicated the alleviation of inflammation. The results are expressed as mean±SEM of three parts (proximal, middle, and distal). ^* P<0.05, ^** P<0.01, ^# P<0.001