Table 2.

Univariate analysis for the association of risk factors with diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Risk factor	Diabetic retinopathy		Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Age (per 10 years)	1.40 (1.21–1.62)	<0.0001	1.11 (0.89–1.38)	0.36
Gender
Male	1.00		1.00
Female	1.59 (1.11–2.27)	0.01	1.99 (1.13–3.51)	0.02
Years of diabetes		<0.0001		0.0005
≤1	1.00		1.00
>1, ≤5	3.89 (1.70–8.91)		7.22 (0.90–58.02)
>5, ≤10	6.31 (2.76–14.40)		6.36 (0.77–52.72)
>10, ≤15	12.02 (5.32–27.01)		16.51 (2.16–126)
>15	27.50 (11.51–66.02)		25.40 (3.31–195)
HbA1C	0.96 (0.90–1.03)	0.27	1.06 (0.95–1.18)	0.29
Fasting insulin (per mIU/L increase)	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	0.01	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.56
Fasting plasma glucose (per mmol/L increase)	0.96 (0.91–1.02)	0.18	1.02 (0.94–1.11)	0.70
Hypertension
No	1.00		1.00
Yes	2.11 (1.43–3.11)	<0.0001	0.99 (0.55–1.79)	0.97
Current use of diabetic medication
No	1.00		1.00
Yes	7.51 (3.68–15.31)	<0.0001	6.00 (1.44–25.14)	0.01
Diastolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg increase)	1.00 (0.86–1.15)	0.94	0.93 (0.74–1.17)	0.53
Systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg increase)	1.29 (1.15–1.41)	0.0002	1.13 (0.98–1.31)	0.10
Serum creatinine (per μmol/L increase)	1.18 (1.09–1.29)	0.0001	1.02 (0.91–1.14)	0.71
Total cholesterol (per mmol/L increase)	1.14 (0.97–1.33)	0.12	1.15 (0.90–1.46)	0.28
Triglycerides (per mmol/L increase)	1.08 (0.97–1.20)	0.17	0.87 (0.68–1.11)	0.27
HDLC (per mmol/L increase)	1.02 (0.61–1.69)	0.96	1.34 (0.60–3.00)	0.48
LDLC (per mmol/L increase)	1.05 (0.83–1.34)	0.68	1.33 (0.92–1.92)	0.13
VLDLC (per mmol/L increase)	1.27 (0.97–1.65)	0.08	0.92 (0.58–1.46)	0.73
Hyperlipidemia	2.19 (1.09–4.38)	0.03	1.97 (0.78–4.98)	0.15

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HDLC: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDLC: very low density lipoprotein cholesterol