Table 3.
Multivariate analysis for the association of risk factors with diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy
| Risk factor | Diabetic retinopathy |
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy |
||
| OR (95% CI)* | P | OR (95% CI)† | P | |
| Triglyceride (per mmol/L increase) | 1.18 (1.03–1.37) | 0.02 | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) | 0.28 |
| Total cholesterol (per mmol/L increase) | 1.17 (0.96–1.42) | 0.13 | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) | 0.33 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 2.39 (1.02–5.66) | 0.04§ | 1.83 (0.67–4.96) | 0.23‡ |
| HDLC (per mmol/L increase) | 0.85 (0.47–1.55) | 0.60 | 1.23 (0.54–2.85) | 0.62 |
| LDLC (per mmol/L increase) | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 0.80 | 1.36 (0.92–2.02) | 0.13 |
| VLDLC (per mmol/L increase) | 1.59 (1.14–2.23) | 0.006 | 0.92 (0.58–1.45) | 0.71 |
| Diabetic duration (year) | <0.0001§ | 0.002‡ | ||
| ≤1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| >1, ≤5 | 2.39 (0.86–6.65) | 7.62 (0.94–61.61) | ||
| >5, ≤10 | 3.15 (1.11–9.00) | 5.80 (0.70–48.30) | ||
| >10, ≤15 | 6.06 (2.15–17.12) | 16.01 (2.09–122) | ||
| >15 | 12.30 (4.09–37.20) | 21.74 (2.79–168) | ||
| Current use of diabetic medication | ||||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 2.32 (0.86–6.26) | 0.096§ | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg increase) | 1.15 (1.03–1.28) | 0.02§ | ||
| Serum creatinine (per μmol/L increase) | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 0.01§ | ||
| Female | 1.97 (1.07–3.60) | 0.03‡ | ||
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HDLC: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDLC: very low density lipoprotein cholesterol
*
Adjusted for duration of diabetes, current use of diabetic medication, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine
†
Adjusted for duration and gender
§
From the multivariate model with duration of diabetics, current use of diabetic medication, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, and hyperlipidemia
‡
From the multivariate model with duration of diabetics, female gender, and hyperlipidemia