TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Mothers Living with HIV (MLH) and Neighborhood Control Mothers (NCM) at Recruitment
| MLH | NCM | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 167 | n = 204 | n = 371 | ||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | χ2df or tdfb | ||
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||
| Mean age (SD) | 39.6 | (8.2) | 39.5 | (8.8) | 39.5 | (8.5) | .99369 | |
| Ethnic group | 8.353 | * | ||||||
| Latino | 118 | (70.7) | 116 | (57.7) | 234 | (63.6) | ||
| White | 7 | (4.2) | 6 | (3.0) | 13 | (3.5) | ||
| African American | 39 | (23.4) | 73 | (36.3) | 112 | (30.4) | ||
| Other | 3 | (1.8) | 6 | (3.0) | 9 | (2.4) | ||
| Education | 7.751 | ** | ||||||
| Less than high school | 105 | (63.3) | 99 | (48.8) | 204 | (55.3) | ||
| High school or GED | 61 | (36.7) | 104 | (51.2) | 165 | (44.7) | ||
| Currently employed | 44 | (28.0) | 89 | (47.3) | 133 | (38.6) | 13.471 | ** |
| Financial status | 10.243 | * | ||||||
| Struggling to survive | 40 | (24.0) | 41 | (20.2) | 81 | (21.9) | ||
| Barely paying the bills | 65 | (38.9) | 61 | (30.0) | 126 | (34.1) | ||
| Have necessities | 49 | (29.3) | 64 | (31.5) | 113 | (30.5) | ||
| Comfortable | 13 | (7.8) | 37 | (18.2) | 50 | (13.5) | ||
| Mean number of children (SD) | 3.3 | (1.9) | 3.1 | (1.6) | 3.2 | (1.8) | 1.15368 | |
| Have romantic partner | 83 | (49.7) | 136 | (67.0) | 219 | (59.2) | 11.351 | ** |
| Married to romantic partner | 31 | (37.3) | 74 | (54.4) | 105 | (47.9) | 6.011 | * |
| Number of sexual partners during lifetime | 16.251 | ** | ||||||
| One | 34 | (21.1) | 81 | (41.1) | 105 | (32.1) | ||
| More than one | 127 | (78.9) | 116 | (58.9) | 243 | (67.9) | ||
| Number of sexual partners during past 6 months | 7.442 | * | ||||||
| None | 76 | (47.2) | 86 | (43.7) | 162 | (45.3) | ||
| One partner; protected sex only | 53 | (32.9) | 48 | (24.4) | 101 | (28.2) | ||
| One partner / unprotected discordant sexa | 32 | (19.9) | 63 | (32.0) | 95 | (26.6) | ||
| Mean number of unprotected discordant actsa | 1.0 | (3.6) | 10.1 | (40.7) | 6.0 | (30.6) | Wilcoxon | ** |
| Substance use | ||||||||
| Lifetime rates | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 98 | (60.1) | 125 | (63.1) | 223 | (61.8) | .341 | |
| Marijuana | 45 | (27.6) | 40 | (20.2) | 85 | (23.5) | 2.721 | |
| Hard drugs | 66 | (40.5) | 39 | (19.7) | 105 | (29.1) | 18.741 | ** |
| Rates during past 6 months | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 44 | (26.8) | 66 | (33.0) | 110 | (30.2) | 1.631 | |
| Marijuana | 14 | (8.5) | 7 | (3.5) | 21 | (5.8) | 4.201 | * |
| Hard drugs | 31 | (18.9) | 15 | (7.5) | 46 | (12.6) | 10.611 | ** |
| Number of days using during past 3 months | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 2.1 | (8.4) | 2.6 | (10.4) | 2.4 | (9.5) | Wilcoxon | |
| Marijuana | 2.9 | (14.4) | 1.0 | (9.0) | 1.8 | (11.8) | Wilcoxon | * |
| Hard drugs | 4.9 | (18.5) | 0.8 | (6.6) | 2.7 | (13.5) | Wilcoxon | ** |
| General health | ||||||||
| Have health insurance | 87 | (52.1) | 116 | (57.1) | 203 | (54.9) | .941 | |
| Mean number of visits to doctor during | ||||||||
| past year (SD) | 8.7 | (7.4) | 4.0 | (5.5) | 6.1 | (6.9) | Wilcoxon | ** |
| Mean percent of missed visits (SD) | 0.1 | (0.2) | 0.1 | (0.2) | 0.1 | (0.2) | Wilcoxon | ** |
| 100% Adherence to antiretrovirals | 95 | (72.5) | 95 | (72.5) | ||||
| Undetectable viral load | 97 | (63.4) | 97 | (63.4) | ||||
| Mental health, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Higher life expectancy | 37.9 | (6.7) | 43.2 | (7.0) | 40.9 | (7.4) | 7.19347 | ** |
| Brief Symptom Inventory global distress | 0.7 | (0.6) | 0.4 | (0.4) | 0.5 | (0.5) | 6.97367 | ** |
| Family functioning, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Conflict reasoning | 9.4 | (5.0) | 12.3 | (4.3) | 11.3 | (4.8) | 3.75143 | ** |
| Family cohesion | 7.1 | (2.3) | 5.7 | (1.3) | 6.3 | (2.0) | 7.09361 | ** |
| Expressiveness | 7.2 | (2.0) | 5.9 | (1.1) | 6.5 | (1.7) | 7.54361 | ** |
| Locus of control | 7.6 | (2.0) | 8.5 | (1.2) | 8.1 | (1.7) | 5.42357 | ** |
| Democratic style | 7.3 | (2.0) | 6.4 | (1.1) | 6.8 | (1.6) | 5.95361 | ** |
| Laissez-faire style | 7.6 | (1.7) | 8.5 | (1.2) | 8.1 | (1.5) | 5.30360 | ** |
| CBCL t-scores, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Internalizing | 52.2 | (10.4) | 50.8 | (10.6) | 51.2 | (10.5) | .77159 | |
| Externalizing | 52.2 | (11.8) | 50.4 | (10.6) | 50.9 | (10.9) | .95162 | |
Abbreviations: χ2, chi-square statistic; t, t test statistic; Wilcoxon, Wilcoxon two-sample test; df, degrees of freedom.
a
Discordant partner has opposite HIV serostatus as mother in the study or serostatus was unknown.
b
Test statistics shown for comparison between MLH and neighborhood control.
*
P< 0.05;
**
P< 0.01