Table 4. Factors associated with the diagnoses of asthma, COPD, and the asthma–COPD overlap syndrome.
Asthma only | Asthma+COPD | COPD only | |
Gender males | 1 | 1 | 1 |
females | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 1.63 (1.15–2.31) | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) |
Age [20–44] | 1 | 1 | 1 |
[45–64] | 0.60 (0.47–0.77) | 1.12 (0.75–1.69) | 1.57 (1.20–2.07) |
[65–85] | 0.48 (0.3–0.77) | 1.43 (0.76–2.70) | 5.50 (3.75–8.08) |
Smoking habits non-smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 |
current smoker | 1.27 (1.02–1.58) | 1.70 (1.12–2.60) | 3.16 (2.41–4.16) |
ex smoker | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 1.56 (1.04–2.35) | 1.56 (1.16–2.08) |
Education compulsory | 1 | 1 | 1 |
high school | 1.26 (0.99–1.6) | 0.45 (0.31–0.65) | 0.70 (0.55–0.90) |
college/university | 1.61 (1.24–2.09) | 0.30 (0.17–0.51) | 0.38 (0.26–0.57) |
Industries nearby | 1.00 (0.78–1.27) | 0.91 (0.55–1.50) | 1.30 (0.98–1.73) |
Heavy traffic occasional/none | 1 | 1 | 1 |
frequent | 1.00 (0.78–1.27) | 0.91 (0.55–1.50) | 1.30 (0.98–1.73) |
constant | 1.38 (1.07–1.77) | 1.57 (0.98–2.50) | 1.67 (1.24–2.24) |
Relative Risk Ratios* (RRR) with 95%CI, with subjects without diagnosed diseases as reference group. Statistically significant associations are shown in bold.
adjusted for all variables presented in this table plus design confounders (season, cumulative percentile rank of response, type of interview, GEIRD centre).