Table 2.
Associations of covariates, neighborhood walkability, income and study site with the different outcome measures: results of two-level multiple regression analyses
| |
Number of visitors per observationa |
Number of visitors sedentary per observationb |
Number of visitors walking per observationb |
Number of visitors doing vigorous PA per observationb |
METs per observationa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
|
Covariates |
|
|
|
|
|
| Park size |
0.011 (0.032) |
−0.038 (0.009)*** |
−0.021 (0.026) |
0.046 (0.021)* |
0.077 (0.048) |
| Day type (ref = weekday) |
−0.396 (0.054)*** |
−0.141 (0.093) |
−0.185 (0.130) |
0.186 (0.101)* |
0.448 (0.752) |
| Time of day (ref = morning) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Noon |
1.321 (0.087)*** |
1.026 (0.185)*** |
−0.562 (0.164)*** |
−0.253 (0.172) |
2.321 (0.996)** |
| Afternoon |
1.657 (0.081)*** |
0.848 (0.183)*** |
−0.722 (0.156)*** |
0.314 (0.158)* |
4.179 (0.993)*** |
| Evening |
0.449 (0.112)*** |
0.798 (0.216)*** |
−0.529 (0.209)** |
−0.170 (0.193) |
0.240 (1.150) |
| Darkness (ref = dark) |
0.147 (0.126) |
0.446 (0.246)* |
0.604 (0.353)* |
−0.095 (0.206) |
1.880 (1.359) |
| Weather (ref = cloudy) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Clear |
0.080 (0.079) |
0.242 (0.127)* |
−0.078 (0.176) |
−0.068 (0.153) |
1.542 (0.811)* |
| Rainy |
−1.031 (0.310)*** |
−1.418 (1.085) |
−1.008 (1.056) |
0.817 (0.427)* |
−1.412 (2.643) |
| Number of visitors/observation |
|
3.160 (0.082)*** |
3.140 (0.122)*** |
3.596 (0.102)*** |
|
|
Main effects |
|
|
|
|
|
| Study site (ref = Ghent) |
−0.373 (0.048)*** |
−0.020 (0.083) |
−0.376 (0.119)*** |
0.552 (0.103)*** |
1.437 (0.743)* |
| Walkability (ref = low) |
0.766 (0.059)*** |
0.284 (0.091)*** |
0.653 (0.147)*** |
−0.152 (0.116) |
2.096 (0.814)*** |
| Income (ref = low) | 0.212 (0.055)*** | 0.031 (0.090) | −0.062 (0.136) | −0.765 (0.108)*** | −0.122 (0.806) |
PA = physical activity.
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
Note: Park size is a level-2 variable; all other covariates are level-1 variables.
a regression analyses adjusted for park size, day type, time of day, darkness and weather.
b regression analyses adjusted for park size, day type, time of day, darkness, weather and number of visitors per observation.