Table 1.
Summary of baseline characteristics, intra-operative parameters and acute physiologic stratified by AKI status
| Parameter | Total | AKI | No AKI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n, % |
140 |
106 (75.7) |
34 (24.3) |
- |
| Age (years) [mean [SD]) |
71.1 (8.8) |
71.6 (8.0) |
69.7 (10.9) |
0.27 |
| Male Sex (n, %) |
119 (85.0) |
88 (83.0) |
31 (91.2) |
0.41 |
|
Co-morbid disease | ||||
| Hypertension (n, %) |
99 (70.7) |
77 (72.6) |
22 (64.7) |
0.39 |
| Coronary artery disease (n, %) |
50 (35.2) |
37 (35.2) |
13 (39.4) |
0.68 |
| Stroke (n, %) |
14 (10.1) |
10 (9.5) |
4 (11.8) |
0.75 |
| Diabetes Mellitus (n, %) |
24 (17.1) |
20 (18.9) |
4 (11.8) |
0.44 |
| Ever smoked (n, %) |
113 (91.1) |
82 (90.1) |
31 (93.9) |
0.73 |
| Baseline eGFR (mean [SD]) |
65.8 (19.9) |
63.1 (20.1) |
74.1 (17.0) |
0.005 |
| Baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n, %) |
47 (33.6) |
41 (38.7) |
6 (17.7) |
0.04 |
|
Pre-operative Medications | ||||
| HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (n, %) |
42 (31.1) |
33 (32.4) |
9 (27.3) |
0.67 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB (n, %) |
46 (34.1) |
35 (34.1) |
11 (33.3) |
1.0 |
| Beta-blocker (n, %) |
39 (28.9) |
26 (25.5) |
13 (39.4) |
0.18 |
|
Intra-operative variables | ||||
| Operative Duration (min) (mean [SD]) |
228 (74) |
221 (69) |
261 (92) |
0.03 |
| Supra-renal Aortic Clamp (n, %) |
22 (16.7) |
17 (17.0) |
5 (15.6) |
1.0 |
| Estimated blood loss (L) (mean [SD]) |
3.4 (3.2) |
3.9 (3.6) |
1.8 (1.4) |
0.002 |
| Red cell transfusion (units) (median [IQR]) |
7 (3–12) |
9 (5–14) |
2 (0–4) |
< 0.0001 |
|
Post-operative variables | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation (n, %) |
120 (85.7) |
102 (96.2) |
18 (52.9) |
< 0.001 |
| Vasoactive support (n, %) |
54 (40.6) |
51 (50.5) |
3 (9.4) |
< 0.001 |
| APACHE II score (mean [SD]) |
23.4 (8.5) |
25.7 (8.2) |
16.3 (4.9) |
< 0.001 |
| MAP (mm Hg) (mean [SD]) |
63.4 (13.8) |
62.5 (14.6) |
66.1 (11.3) |
0.18 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) (mean [SD]) |
111 (21) |
113 (21) |
103 (15) |
0.01 |
| PaO2 (cm H2O) (mean [SD]) |
72.9 (28.4) |
73.2 (31.5) |
72.0 (15.5) |
0.82 |
| PaCO2 (cm H2O) (mean [SD]) |
41.9 (7.2) |
42.5 (7.6) |
39.9 (5.6) |
0.06 |
| pH (mean [SD]) |
7.26 (0.10) |
7.24 (0.10) |
7.31 (0.07) |
0.002 |
| Hematocrit (mean [SD]) |
0.276 (0.05) |
0.267 (0.05) |
0.305 (0.04) |
0.001 |
| White cell count (cells/109) (mean [SD]) |
12.8 (4.4) |
12.8 (4.5) |
12.9 (4.3) |
0.92 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) (mean [SD]) |
142 (4.0) |
143 (3.6) |
140 (3.0) |
< 0.001 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) (mean [SD]) |
4.9 (0.9) |
5.0 (0.9) |
4.5 (0.5) |
0.001 |
| Serum glucose (mmol/L) (mean [SD]) |
10.1 (2.9) |
10.4 (2.9) |
9.1 (2.2) |
0.01 |
| Serum troponin-I elevation (n, %) | 78 (55.7) | 69 (65.1) | 9 (26.5) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; MAP = mean arterial pressure.