Figure 2.

Life-course model including formative specifications of childhood and adulthood SES. Note: path coefficients are shown for men/women; non-significant paths (p>0.01) are represented by dashed lines. There were no discrepancies between sexes with regard to the paths’ significance. ɛ denotes error terms for observed variables; δ represents error terms at construct level of latent constructs.  Arithm, arithmetic test; Car, no/one car at age 12; Cars, number of cars possessed; Distress, psychological distress; Father, fathers’ occupational social status; GHQ 1–4, General Health Questionnaire items 1–4; House, house tenure; Mother, mothers’ occupational social status; Occup, own occupational social status; Rooms, number of rooms in family home; Verb, verbal test.