Table 3.
Summary of metabolites revealed in this study.
| Metabolites | Group A versus Group C (fold change) |
P value | Group B versus Group C (fold change) |
P value | Group A versus Group B (fold change) |
P value | Pathways |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butanedioic acid | +1.15 | NS | −1.86* | 0.043 | +2.13## | 0.008 | Energy metabolism |
| Propanoic acid | −2.20* | 0.02 | −1.11 | NS | −1.97# | 0.025 | Energy metabolism |
| Acetic acid | −1.02 | NS | +1.65* | 0.04 | −1.68## | 0.004 | Flora metabolism |
| Ethanedioic acid | −2.24* | 0.014 | −2.32** | 0.003 | +1.03 | NS | Energy metabolism |
| Butanoic acid | −1.18 | NS | +1.36 | NS | −1.60# | 0.02 | Flora metabolism |
| Glycine | +1.97* | 0.039 | +1.55 | NS | +1.27 | NS | Amino acid metabolism |
| 2,3-Dihydroxybutanoic acid | +1.23 | NS | +2.27* | 0.047 | −1.85# | 0.032 | Flora metabolism |
| Aminomalonic acid | −3.21** | 0.002 | −2.16* | 0.017 | +1.49 | NS | Unknown |
| Cysteine | +2.11* | 0.028 | +2.40* | NS | +1.79# | 0.04 | Amino acid metabolism |
| Benzoic acid | +2.12* | 0.016 | +1.80* | 0.029 | −1.1 | NS | Flora metabolism |
| D-Mannose | +1.71* | 0.042 | +1.48** | 0.006 | −1.93# | 0.011 | Energy metabolism |
| Sedoheptulose | +1.11 | NS | +3.30* | 0.038 | −1.33 | NS | Energy metabolism |
| D-Gluconic acid | −1.84* | 0.016 | +1.00 | NS | −1.84# | 0.01 | Energy metabolism |
| Myo-inositol | −1.08 | NS | +1.79* | 0.042 | −1.93## | 0.0045 | Energy metabolism |
| Tryptophan | +2.08* | 0.016 | +2.05* | 0.035 | +1.01 | NS | Amino acid metabolism |
| Pseudouridine | +1.43 | NS | +1.89* | 0.033 | −1.32 | NS | Nucleotide metabolism |
| α-D-Glucopyranoside | −2.84* | 0.033 | −1.61 | NS | −1.76 | NS | Energy metabolism |
“+” and “−” represent the relative increased (or decreased) concentration of metabolites; fold changes were obtained by calculating the relative concentration between the two group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with Group C (thin white coating); ## P < 0.01, # P < 0.05 compared between Group A (thick yellow coating) and Group B (thick white coating); NS indicates nonsignificant; statistical significance (P < 0.05, unpaired Student's t-test).