Table 3.
Absolute tissue weight, 4-week cumulative food intake, and blood profiles.
| Parameter | CON | HF | HF+K1 | HF+K2 | HF+K3 | HF+Rosi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| − | − | 0.2a | 0.5a | 1.0a | 0.01a | |
| Final body weight (g) | 24.82 ± 0.64 | 27.38 ± 0.58# | 25.74 ± 0.77 | 25.60 ± 0.58 | 23.73 ± 0.66** | 26.25 ± 1.03 |
| Body weight gain (g) | 0.55 ± 0.16 | 0.88 ± 0.46 | −0.37 ± 0.18 | −1.33 ± 0.59*** | −1.86 ± 0.44*** | 0.53 ± 0.18 |
| Food intake (kcal/mouse) | 256.32 ± 9.51 | 279.35 ± 11.24 | 275.12 ± 5.10 | 268.46 ± 6.36 | 233.98 ± 5.35** | 284.05 ± 8.58 |
| Absolute tissue weight (g) | ||||||
| EWAT | 0.370 ± 0.034 | 0.625 ± 0.093# | 0.609 ± 0.079 | 0.461 ± 0.046 | 0.364 ± 0.027* | 0.368 ± 0.095* |
| MWAT | 0.276 ± 0.018 | 0.343 ± 0.033 | 0.301 ± 0.028 | 0.321 ± 0.024 | 0.241 ± 0.019* | 0.302 ± 0.032 |
| RWAT | 0.098 ± 0.011 | 0.222 ± 0.049# | 0.206 ± 0.036 | 0.153 ± 0.023 | 0.104 ± 0.013* | 0.178 ± 0.037 |
| Visceral fat | 0.467 ± 0.043 | 0.821 ± 0.103# | 0.815 ± 0.07 | 0.613 ± 0.068 | 0.468 ± 0.037* | 0.495 ± 0.130* |
| BAT | 0.0382 ± 0.0023 | 0.0390 ± 0.0046 | 0.0323 ± 0.0019 | 0.0355 ± 0.0019 | 0.0327 ± 0.0018 | 0.0500 ± 0.0040 |
| Liver (g) | 0.755 ± 0.028 | 0.798 ± 0.029 | 0.786 ± 0.023 | 0.719 ± 0.028 | 0.690 ± 0.036* | 0.764 ± 0.023 |
| Blood profiles | ||||||
| FFA (meq/L) | 1.473 ± 0.105 | 2.080 ± 0.181# | 1.720 ± 0.267 | 1.498 ± 0.166* | 1.487 ± 0.151* | 1.305 ± 0.060* |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 69.6 ± 5.9 | 124.7 ± 13.4### | 92.8 ± 6.5 | 107.0 ± 7.2 | 88.2 ± 8.6* | 134.3 ± 6.4 |
| Leptin (μg/mL) | 1.619 ± 0.361 | 6.579 ± 1.442## | 3.802 ± 1.197 | 3.301 ± 0.820 | 2.528 ± 0.479* | 2.195 ± 0.527* |
| Insulin (μg/L) | 0.633 ± 0.091 | 0.929 ± 0.021# | 0.865 ± 0.041 | 0.758 ± 0.087 | 0.581 ± 0.064* | 0.533 ± 0.020* |
| Insulin resistance | 3.27 ± 0.35 | 7.03 ± 0.81## | 5.37 ± 0.64 | 4.52 ± 0.47* | 2.90 ± 0.30** | 2.73 ± 0.29** |
All values are means ± S.E. (n = 9). # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 compared with the control (CON) group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with the high-fat + vehicle (distilled water) (HF) group. K1, K2, K3, extracts of hawthorn. EWAT: epididymal white adipose tissue; RWAT: retroperitoneal white adipose tissue; MWAT: mesenteric white adipose tissue; visceral fat: EWAT + RWAT; FFA: plasma free fatty acid. The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance scores, according to the following formula: (milligrams of glucose per deciliter × microunits of insulin per milliliter) ÷ 405. Higher numbers indicate greater insulin resistance.
aDose (g/kg/day).