Table 1.
Baseline description of yoga trial participants included in mediation analyses.
| Main cohort | Saliva cohort | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoga | Stretching | Self-care | Yoga | Stretching | Self-care | |||||||
| Total, N | 78 | 74 | 40 | 57 | 51 | 25 | ||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Age (yrs), mean (SD) | 47 | (9.5) | 49 | (10.1) | 51 | (8.4) | 49 | (8.9) | 50 | (9.5) | 52 | (7.9) |
| Women, N (%) | 53 | (67.9%) | 47 | (63.5%) | 23 | (57.5%) | 37 | (64.9%) | 31 | (60.8%) | 15 | (60.0%) |
| College graduate, N (%) | 49 | (62.8%) | 53 | (71.6%) | 24 | (60.0%) | 34 | (59.6%) | 37 | (72.5%) | 15 | (60.0%) |
| White, N (%) | 68 | (87.2%) | 65 | (87.8%) | 39 | (97.5%) | 49 | (86.0%) | 43 | (84.3%) | 25 | (100.0%) |
| Family income > $45,000/yr, N(%) | 76 | (97.4%) | 65 | (90.3%) | 34 | (87.2%) | 55 | (96.5%) | 46 | (92.0%) | 21 | (84.0%) |
| Lifts 20 + pounds at job, N (%) | 16 | (20.5%) | 19 | (25.7%) | 14 | (35.0%) | 13 | (22.8%) | 10 | (19.6%) | 9 | (36.0%) |
| Health behaviors | ||||||||||||
| Obese (BMI ≥30), N (%) | 21 | (26.9%) | 21 | (28.4%) | 14 | (35.0%) | 13 | (22.8%) | 13 | (25.5%) | 10 | (40.0%) |
| Drank alcohol today, N (%) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | (28.1%) | 18 | (35.3%) | 10 | (40.0%) |
| Smoked today, N (%) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | (1.8%) | 3 | (5.9%) | 1 | (4.0%) |
| Took medication(s) today, N (%) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 38 | (66.7%) | 36 | (70.6%) | 19 | (76.0%) |
| Back pain status | ||||||||||||
| Days of back pain in last 6 months, mean (SD) | 146 | (46.2) | 132 | (51.4) | 148 | (47.1) | 146 | (46.7) | 134 | (53.9) | 155 | (37.2) |
| Bothersomeness score, mean (SD) | 4.8 | (1.8) | 4.4 | (2.0) | 4.8 | (2.5) | 4.8 | (1.6) | 4.3 | (1.9) | 5.0 | (2.6) |
| Pain travels down the leg, N (%) | 11 | (14.1%) | 11 | (14.9%) | 8 | (20.0%) | 10 | (17.5%) | 7 | (13.7%) | 5 | (20.0%) |
| Back-related dysfunction | ||||||||||||
| Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ), mean (SD) | 9.4 | (4.8) | 8.5 | (3.7) | 9.0 | (4.9) | 9.6 | (4.7) | 8.2 | (3.7) | 8.4 | (4.9) |
| Potential mediators at baseline | ||||||||||||
| Positively impacts cognitive appraisal | ||||||||||||
| Fear avoidance, mean (SD) | 31.5 | (6.8) | 32.0 | (7.1) | 32.0 | (6.3) | 31.3 | (6.5) | 31.9 | (7.3) | 32.9 | (6.9) |
| Self-efficacy, mean (SD) | 6.1 | (1.9) | 6.4 | (1.6) | 6.6 | (1.6) | 6.2 | (1.9) | 6.5 | (1.4) | 6.9 | (1.5) |
| Body awareness, mean (SD) | 44.1 | (8.7) | 41.0 | (8.6) | 43.9 | (6.9) | 44.2 | (9.1) | 42.4 | (9.0) | 43.5 | (7.0) |
| Positively impacts affect and stress | ||||||||||||
| Psychological distress, mean (SD) | 67.3 | (6.9) | 67.4 | (7.8) | 66.8 | (6.7) | 67.5 | (6.9) | 65.7 | (7.8) | 67.4 | (6.1) |
| Perceived stress, mean (SD) | 16.0 | (5.6) | 16.0 | (5.3) | 15.2 | (5.4) | 15.8 | (5.8) | 15.8 | (5.2) | 15.8 | (6.0) |
| Positive states of mind, mean (SD) | 14.8 | (2.2) | 15.3 | (2.0) | 15.5 | (2.3) | 14.8 | (2.3) | 15.3 | (2.1) | 15.3 | (2.5) |
| Back pain negatively impacts sleep, N (%) | 44 | (56.4%) | 42 | (57.5%) | 24 | (60.0%) | 30 | (52.6%) | 25 | (50.0%) | 14 | (56.0%) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Hours of back exercise in the past week, mean (SD) | 0.38 | (0.58) | 0.27 | (0.40) | 0.43 | (0.49) | 0.36 | (0.47) | 0.29 | (0.41) | 0.41 | (0.39) |
| Improves neuroendocrine function | ||||||||||||
| Salivary cortisol awakening response (log scale), mean (SD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.8 | (1.3) | 1.1 | (1.0) | 0.7 | (1.3) |
| Salivary DHEA diurnal average (log scale), mean (SD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.9 | (0.7) | −1.1 | (0.8) | −1.1 | (0.8) |