Bacterial taxonomic groups that discriminate among RYGB-, SHAM-, and WMS-derived samples. (A) Average relative abundance of bacterial orders in RYGB, SHAM, and WMS mice before and up to 12 weeks after surgery. (B) LEfSe-derived (27) phylogenetic tree depicting nodes within the bacterial taxonomic hierarchy that are significantly enriched in fecal samples from RYGB (red), SHAM (green), and WMS (blue) mice. Significant phyla are labeled, with the genera in parentheses. LEfSe was used with the default parameters (n = 5000 sequences per sample; OTUs with <10 sequences and preoperation samples removed).