Table 1.
A Review of Previously Published Population-based Studies of Smoking During Pregnancy and ASD in the Offspring.
| Author/ year/ country |
Design | Measurement of exposure |
Outcome | Covariates | Subjects | Association? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ronald et al (11) 2010 England & Wales |
population- based twins born 1994-1996 |
retrospective, self-report : “How much did you smoke during pregnancy?” |
ASD (DSM- IV-TR,CAST, DAWBA) |
SES & child general cognitive ability |
cases (n=154), remaining cohort (n=6771 × 2 twins) |
YES correlation r = .03–.10 p<.01 |
| Larsson et al (13) 2009 Sweden |
population- based cohort study born 1994- 1999, |
retrospective, self-report : smoking? No/ Yes but stopped/ Yes |
parental questionnaire (Autism, asperger or Tourette’s syndrome) |
type of flooring in the bedrooms of the home |
cases (n=72) remaining cohort (n= 4779) |
YES OR = 2,09 (1,08- 4,03) |
| Bilder et al (12)2009 Utah, USA |
population- based case- control study born 1994 |
ASD (DSM- IV-TR) |
Not reported | cases (n=132) controls* (n=13200) |
NO OR = 0,506 (0,222- 1,152) |
|
| Maimburg et al (9) 2006 Denmark |
population- based case-control study born 1990- 1999 |
self-report to midwives at the first antenatal visit generally at 12 weeks : smoking? Yes/No |
infantile autism (ICD 8 or 10) |
maternal & paternal age, mothers citizenship, BW & GA, Apgar score, birth defect & irregular fetal position |
cases (n= 473) controls* (n= 4730) |
NO adjusted OR = 0.9 (0.7– 1.4) |
| Larsson et al (10)2005 Denmark |
population- based nested case- control study born 1973- 1999 |
self-report at 1st antenatal visit : smoking? Yes/No |
infantile or atypical autism (ICD-8 or 10) |
perinatal risk factors, parental psychiatric history, and SES |
cases (n=698) Controls* (n= 17450) |
NO RR = 1,06 (0,80-1,39) |
| Hultman et al (8) 2002 Sweden |
population- based nested case- control study born 1974- 1993 |
self-report to midwives at registration for antenatal care : daily/nondaily smoking |
infantile autism (ICD- 9) |
maternal demographic factors, delivery and infant factors(BW, weight for gestational age) |
cases (n= 408) controls* (n= 2040) |
YES adjusted OR = 1,4 (1,1- 1,8) |
ASD = autism spectrum disorder; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; ICD = International Classification of Diseases ; CAST = childhood Asperger syndrome test ; DAWBA = diagnostic and wellbeing assessment ; OR = odds ratio ; RR = relative risk ; BW = birthweight ; GA = gestational age
*
controls were matched for gender, year of birth +/− place of birth