Table 1.
Characteristics of 39 Eligible Studiesa
| Type of study (&RCT intervention) | n (pre-op/final post-op) | Post-op measurement times | Depression measure & cutoff | Mean age in years (SD) | % women (n) | CPB used?b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dichotomous | |||||||
| McKhann et al. (1997)7 | Cohort | 124/124 | 1 month, 1 year | CES-D > 16 | 63.0 (NR) | 21.3 (27) | NR |
| Timberlake et al. (1997)20 | Cohort | 103/103 | 2 months, 1 year | BDI ≥ 9 | 56.0 (7.9) | 9.9 (12) | Yes |
| Pirraglia et al. (1999)8 | Cohort | 218/218 | 6 months | CES-D ≥ 16 | 65.3 (9.3) | 18.8 (41) | Yes |
| McCrone et al. (2001)21 | Cohort | 31/31 | 8 weeks, 3 months | CES-D ≥ 16 | 70.0 (8.6) | 38.7 (12) | NR |
| Millar et al. (2001)22 | Cohort | 81/81 | 6 months | BDI ≥ 9 | 60.9 (9.4) | 21 (17) | Yes |
| Borowicz et al. (2002)6 | Cohort | 172/132 | 1 month, 1 year | CES-D ≥ 16 | 63.4 (NR) | 22.1 (38) | NR |
| Blumenthal et al. (2003)2 | Cohort | 817/490 | 6 months | CES-D ≥ 16 | 61.0 (10.2) | 27.1 (221) | NR |
| Rymaszewska et al. (2003)13 | Cohort | 56/53 | 3 months | BDI (cutoff NR) | 58.6 (NR) | 30.2 (16) | Yes |
| Jensen et al. (2006)23 | RCT (on-pump/off-pump) | 120/109 | 3 months | MDI > 2.5 | 75.5 (4.5) | 40 (48) | Bothb |
| Phillips-Bute et al. (2008)24 | Cohort | 427/411 | 6 months, 1 year | CES-D ≥ 16 | 61.0 (10.9) | 30 (128) | Yes |
| Tully et al. (2009)25 | Cohort | 86/75 | 6 months, 5 years | DASS ≥ 10 | 65.1 (9.9) | 26.7 (23) | Yes |
| Kadoi et al. (2011)26 | Cohort | 90/90 | 1 week, 6 months | BDI ≥ 10 | 65.0 (9.0) | 24.4 (22) | Yes |
| Continuous | |||||||
| Duits et al. (1999)4 | Cohort | 270/217 | 1week, 6 months | HADS-D | 60.8 (8.8) | 18.9 (41) | NR |
| Edell-Gustafsson & Hetta (1999)27 | Cohort | 38/38 | 1 & 6 months | Zung SDS | 61.3 (5.0) | 0 (0) | NR |
| Keresztes et al. (2003)28 | Cohort | 80/80 | 1 & 3 months | POMS-D | 63.3 (11.5) | 50 (40) | NR |
| Lindquist et al. (2003)29 | Cohort | 674/600 | 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year | CES-D | 63.6 (9.4) | 39.9 (269) | NR |
| Knipp et al. (2004)30 | Cohort | 35/29 | 3 months | HADS-D | 67.6 (8.7) | 17.2 (5) | Yes |
| Phillips-Bute et al. (2006)31 | Cohort | 732/551 | 6 weeks, 1 year | CES-D | 62.3 (11.0) | 39.2 (216) | Yes |
| Ruiz et al. (2006)32 | Cohort | 111/97 | 18 months | CES D-10 | 61.1 (10.3) | 0 (0) | NR |
| Sorlie et al. (2006)33 | RCT (educational intervention/control) | 109/87 | 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year | Zung SDS | 58.3 (6.3) | 11.9 (13) | NR |
| Szalma et al. (2006)34 | RCT (piracetem/placebo) | 109/88 | 6 weeks | BDI | 55.9 (5.6) | 17.4 (19) | NR |
| Bay et al. (2007)35 | RCT (religious intervention/control) | 170/170 | 1 & 6 months | HADS-D | 64.0 (NR) | 24.7 (42) | NR |
| Lopez et al. (2007)36 | Cohort | 68/68 | 1 week, 6 months | CES-D | 63.9 (10.1) | 33.8 (23) | Both |
| Murphy et al. (2008)5 | Cohort | 180/119 | 2 & 6 months | HADS-D | 65.6 (9.8) | 21.7 (39) | NR |
| Sandau et al. (2008)37 | Cohort | 54/54 | 3 months | CES-D | 65.2 (9.3) | 21.9 (14) | Both |
| Azzopardi & Lee (2009)38 | Cohort | 48/48 | 2 years | BDI | 66.6 (9.9) | 14.6 (7) | NR |
| Elliott et al. (2010)39 | Cohort | 174/117 | 2 & 6 months | POMS-D | 65.5 (9.8) | 21.3 (37) | NR |
| Kozora et al. (2010)40 | RCT (on-pump/off- pump) | 1801/1156 | 1 year | BDI | 62.0 (8.2) | 0.6 (7) | Both |
| van Mastrigt et al. (2010)41 | RCT (short-stay intensive care treatment/control) | 406/361 | 1 month, 1 year | BDI | 61.9 (12.2) | 19.2 (78) | Both |
| Nemati & Astaneh (2011)11 | Cohort | 71/71 | 1 month | HADS-D | 59.9 (8.7) | 26.8 (19) | NR |
| Dichotomous & continuous | |||||||
| Khatri et al. (1999)42 | Cohort | 170/170 | 6 weeks | CES-D | 61.0 (10.0) | 25.3 (43) | NR |
| Khatri et al. (2001)43 | RCT (hypothermic/normothermic) | 226/208 | 6 weeks, 6 months | CES-D >16 | 61.6 (12.7) | 24.8 (56) | Yes |
| Mitchell et al. (2005)44 | Cohort | 123/120 | 2 months | BDI ≥10 | 63.3 (10.2) | 44.2 (53) | NR |
| Chaudhury et al. (2006)45 | Cohort | 30/30 | 1 week | HADS-D (cutoff NR) | 60.0 (5.5) | 10 (3) | NR |
| Krannich et al. (2007)12 | Cohort | 97/97 | 10 days | HADS-D ≥ 8 | 65.0 (8.5) | 18.6 (18) | NR |
| Lie et al. (2007)46 | RCT (psychological support/control) | 203/185 | 6 weeks, 6 months | HADS-D ≥ 8 | 62.0 (NR) | 10.3 (9) | NR |
| Stroobant & Vingerhoets (2008)47 | Cohort | 53/43 | 6 months, 3–5 years | BDI-CA ≥ 4 | 59.4 (7.2) | 7.5 (4) | Both |
| Gallagher & McKinley (2009)3 | Cohort | 155/126 | 2 weeks | HADS-D ≥ 8 | 66.3 (10.7) | 26.5 (41) | NR |
| Sorensen & Wang (2009)48 | Cohort | 70/63 | 6 weeks | GDS ≥ 5 | 72.0 (5.7) | 34.3 (24) | NR |
BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BDI-CA, Beck Depression Inventory (cognitive-affective subscale); CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CES-D-10, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (10-item version); CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (depression subscale); GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (depression subscale); MDI, Major Depression Inventory; NR, not reported; POMS-D, Profile of Mood States Depression Scale; RCT, randomized, controlled trial; SD, standard deviation; Zung SDS, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.
a
Dichotomous only: n = 12; continuous only: n = 18; dichotomous and continuous: n = 9.
b
Yes refers to the use of CPB (on-pump). Both includes surgeries with (on-pump) and without (off-pump) CPB.