Table 4.
Hazard ratios (95% CI) for incident diabetes comparing quartiles of estimated FVI, total fruit, fruit sub-types, total vegetables, and vegetable sub-types: EPIC-InterAct Study
| Quartiles of intake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range (g/d) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend |
| Total fruit and vegetables | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <235.7 | ≥235.7 - <369.1 | ≥369.1 - <544.8 | ≥544.8 | |
| Total No. of cases | 3 031 | 2 632 | 2 545 | 2 613 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.81-0.97) | 0.87 (0.80-0.95) | 0.84 (0.73-0.96) | 0.05 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.83-1.03) | 0.93 (0.84-1.03) | 0.90 (0.80-1.01) | 0.42 |
| Total fruit 1 | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <103.7 | ≥103.7 - <193.4 | ≥193.4 - <315.9 | ≥315.9 | |
| Total No. of cases | 2 989 | 2 695 | 2 521 | 2 616 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.85-0.98) | 0.88 (0.78-0.99) | 0.87 (0.80-0.96) | 0.01 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.83-1.03) | 0.94 (0.83-1.05) | 0.89 (0.76-1.04) | 0.30 |
| Citrus fruit 2 | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <10.1 | ≥10.1 - <35.9 | ≥35.9 - <79.4 | ≥79.4 | |
| Total No. of cases | 3 002 | 2 627 | 2 536 | 2 656 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.90-1.05) | 0.96 (0.88-1.04) | 0.93 (0.84-1.03) | 0.46 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.86-1.07) | 1.00 (0.90-1.10) | 1.01 (0.86-1.19) | 0.86 |
| Non-citrus fruit 2, 3 | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <53.0 | ≥53.0 - <120.9 | ≥120.9 - <213.5 | ≥213.5 | |
| Total No. of cases | 2 374 | 2 552 | 2 504 | 2 601 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.88-1.08) | 0.93 (0.83-1.04) | 0.94 (0.86-1.03) | 0.10 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.92-1.13) | 0.97 (0.87-1.08) | 0.94 (0.79-1.13) | 0.46 |
| Total vegetables 4 | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <100.5 | ≥100.5 - <154.8 | ≥154.8 - <237.6 | ≥237.6 | |
| Total No. of cases | 3 027 | 2 619 | 2 572 | 2 603 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.87-1.01) | 0.91 (0.81-1.03) | 0.88 (0.72-1.07) | 0.33 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.84-1.01) | 0.93 (0.83-1.05) | 0.94 (0.84-1.05) | 0.30 |
| Green leafy vegetables 5, 6 | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <3.2 | ≥3.2 - <14.1 | ≥14.1 - <37.7 | ≥37.7 | |
| Total No. of cases | 1 274 | 2 182 | 2 241 | 2 529 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.65-0.84) | 0.66 (0.58-0.75) | 0.79 (0.68-0.92) | 0.04 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.65-0.84) | 0.75 (0.65-0.86) | 0.84 (0.65-1.07) | 0.03 |
| Fruiting vegetables | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <28.6 | ≥28.6 - <50.5 | ≥50.5 - <87.1 | ≥87.1 | |
| Total No. of cases | 3 098 | 2 651 | 2 446 | 2 626 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.86-1.01) | 0.91 (0.83-1.01) | 0.98 (0.85-1.13) | 0.45 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.86-1.04) | 0.96 (0.86-1.06) | 0.97 (0.85-1.12) | 0.36 |
| Root vegetables | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <3.9 | ≥3.9 - <11.1 | ≥11.1 - <27.3 | ≥27.3 | |
| Total No. of cases | 2 962 | 2 825 | 2 517 | 2 517 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.84-0.98) | 0.82 (0.75-0.89) | 0.80 (0.73-0.88) | <0.001 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.88-1.08) | 0.85 (0.76-0.95) | 0.87 (0.77-0.99) | 0.001 |
| Cabbages 5 | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <1.5 | ≥1.5 - <8.5 | ≥8.5 - <21.4 | ≥21.4 | |
| Total No. of cases | 2 461 | 2 459 | 2 566 | 2 545 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.83-1.05) | 0.91 (0.77-1.06) | 0.91 (0.74-1.13) | 0.23 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.74-1.19) | 0.93 (0.80-1.07) | 0.90 (0.75-1.09) | 0.44 |
| Onion & garlic 5, 7 | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <2.6 | ≥2.6 - <7.0 | ≥7.0 - <17.7 | ≥17.7 | |
| Total No. of cases | 1 883 | 2 288 | 2 721 | 2 900 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.78-1.10) | 0.92 (0.75-1.14) | 0.97 (0.73-1.30) | 0.97 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.75-1.18) | 0.88 (0.71-1.10) | 0.92 (0.63-1.33) | 0.68 |
| Stalk vegetables, sprouts 5 | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <0.2 | ≥0.2 - <3.8 | ≥3.8 - <9.8 | ≥9.8 | |
| Total No. of cases | 2 110 | 2 671 | 2 600 | 2 650 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.83-1.07) | 0.79 (0.70-0.90) | 0.92 (0.78-1.08) | 0.38 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.70-1.18) | 0.78 (0.68-0.91) | 0.82 (0.63-1.07) | 0.24 |
| Other vegetables 5 | |||||
| Range (g/d) | <3.4 | ≥3.4 - <10.2 | ≥10.2 - <23.0 | ≥23.0 | |
| Total No. of cases | 2 548 | 2 161 | 2 513 | 2 809 | |
| Model A* | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.88-1.05) | 0.96 (0.85-1.08) | 1.04 (0.86-1.27) | 0.92 |
| Model B† | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.87-1.19) | 0.90 (0.78-1.04) | 0.96 (0.76-1.22) | 0.36 |
HRs (and 95% CI) estimated within each country using Prentice-weighted Cox regression, with age as the underlying timescale, and combined across countries using random effects meta-analysis. Adjustment for covariates was performed using multivariable Prentice-weighted Cox regression.
Model A: stratified by country and adjusted for centre and sex.
Model B: stratified by country and adjusted for centre, sex, education level, BMI, physical activity level, smoking status, total energy intake, and alcohol intake.
Models additionally adjusted for total vegetable intake.
In analyses of fruit sub-types other fruit sub-types were adjusted for.
Umea (Sweden) excluded from analysis as there was no information on non-citrus fruit.
Models aadditionally adjusted for total fruit intake.
Umea (Sweden) excluded from analysis as there was no information on leafy vegetables, cabbages, onion & garlic, stalk vegetables and sprouts, and the category ‘other vegetables’.
Denmark excluded from analysis as there was not enough information on leafy vegetables to calculate HRs and 95% CIs.
France excluded from analysis as there was no information on onion & garlic.