Table 1.
Selected genes involved in the regulation of stomatal movement under stress.
| Gene | Description | Mutant | Phenotype | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABH1 | Encodes a nuclear cap-binding protein that forms a heterodimeric complex with CBP20 and is involved in ABA signaling | abh1 | ABA hypersensitive, shows enhanced ABA activation of S-type channels | Schroeder et al. (2001a), Hugouvieux et al. (2002) |
| ABI1 | Encodes the protein phosphatase 2C involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction. Negative regulator of stomatal closure promoted by ABA | abi1 | Improper stomatal regulation leading to increased transpiration | Parcy and Giraudat (1997) |
| ABI2 | Encodes the protein phosphatase 2C involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction. Negative regulator of stomatal closure promoted by ABA | abi2 | Improper stomatal regulation leading to increased transpiration | Pei et al. (1997) |
| AHA1 | Encodes a plasma membrane proton ATPase | ost2 | Constitutively activated H+-ATPases, insensitivity to ABA persisted stomatal opening and a reduced ability to close stomata in response to drought | Merlot et al. (2007) |
| ALMT12 | Encodes an anion transporter involved in stomatal closure | almt12 | Impaired stomatal closure in response to ABA, darkness and CO2 | Meyer et al. (2010) |
| AtrbohD | Encodes the NADPH/respiratory burst oxidase protein D (RbohD).Interacts with AtrbohF | atrbohd | Impaired stomatal closure in response to ABA | Kwak et al. (2003) |
| AtrbohF | Encodes the NADPH/respiratory burst oxidase protein F (RbohF). Interacts with AtrbohD | atrbohf | Impaired stomatal closure in response to ABA | Kwak et al. (2003) |
| COI | Encodes a protein containing Leu-rich repeats and a degenerate F-box motif | coi | Disrupted activation of S-type anion channels | Munemasa et al. (2007, 2011) |
| CPK10 | Encodes the calcium-dependent protein kinase whose gene expression is induced by dehydration and high salt | cpk10 | Sensitive to drought, impaired stomatal closure | Zou et al. (2010) |
| CPK21 | Encodes a member of the calcium-dependent protein kinase | cpk21 | Tolerant to osmotic and drought stress | Franz et al. (2010) |
| CPK3 | Encodes the calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 (CPK3), a member of the Arabidopsis CDPK gene family. CPK3 is expressed in both guard cells and mesophyll cells. Functions in guard cell ion channel regulation | cpk3 | Reduction in ABA and Ca2+ activation of S-type channels, impaired ABA activation of Ca2+ permeable channels, decreased ABA sensitivity to stomatal closure | Mori et al. (2006) |
| CPK6 | Encodes the calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 (CPK3), a member of the Arabidopsis CDPK gene family. CPK3 is expressed in both guard cells and mesophyll cells. Functions in guard cell ion channel regulation | cpk6 | Reduction in ABA and Ca2+ activation of S-type channels, impaired ABA activation of Ca2+ permeable channels, decreased ABA sensitivity to stomatal closure | Mori et al. (2006), Munemasa et al. (2011) |
| ERA1 | Encodes a beta subunit of farnesyl-trans-transferase, which is involved in meristem organization and the ABA-mediated signal transduction pathway. Mutant phenotypes were observed in meristem organization and response to abscisic acid and drought | era1 | ABA hypersensitive and showed enhanced ABA activation of S-type channels | Pei et al. (1998) |
| ERF7 | Encodes a member of the ERF (ethylene response factor) subfamily B-1 of the ERF/AP2 transcription factor family (ATERF-7). The protein contains one AP2 domain. Phosphorylated by PKS3 in vitro. Involved in ABA-mediated responses | erf7 | Increased sensitivity of stomata to ABA compared to the wild-type, enhanced drought tolerance | Song et al. (2005) |
| GORK | Encodes a guard cell outward potassium channel. Belongs to the Shaker family K +  channel | gork | Impaired stomatal closure | Hosy et al. (2003) |
| GPA1 | Encodes an alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein. GPA1 is a positive regulator in ABA-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening | gpa1 | Reduction in the inhibition of inward K+ currents, reduced guard cell ABA-insensitivity in stomatal opening | Wang et al. (2001) |
| KAT1 | Encodes a potassium channel protein (KAT1) | kat1 | No impairment of stomatal action, but potassium currents were altered | Szyroki et al. (2001) |
| MRP5 | Encodes a high-affinity inositol hexakisphosphate transporter that plays a role in guard cell signaling and phytate storage. It is a member of the MRP subfamily/ABC transporter subfamily C | mrp5 | Impaired ABA regulation of Ca2+ permeable channels, defects in S-type channel regulation | Suh et al. (2007) |
| MYB15 | Encodes a member of the R2R3 factor gene family | 35S:myb15 | More sensitive to ABA-induced stomatal closure, improved drought tolerance | Ding et al. (2009) |
| MYB44 | Encodes a member of the R2R3 factor MYB gene family involved in mediating plant responses to a variety of abiotic stimuli | 35S:myb44 | More drought tolerant | Jung et al. (2007) |
| MYB60 | Encodes a putative transcription factor of the R2R3-MYB gene family. Transcript increases under conditions that promote stomatal opening (white and blue light) and decreases under conditions that trigger stomatal closure (ABA, desiccation, darkness) with the exception of elevated CO2. Expressed exclusively in the guard cells of all tissues. It is required for light-induced opening of stomata | myb60 | Reduced stomatal aperture which helps to limit water loss during a drought | Cominelli et al. (2005) |
| MYB61 | Encodes the putative transcription factor. Expressed in guard cells, plays a role in the regulation of stomatal pore size | myb61 | Larger stomatal pores than the wild-type | Liang et al. (2005) |
| NFYA5 | Encodes a member of the CCAAT-binding transcription factor (CBF-B/NF-YA) family. Expression is upregulated in response to ABA and drought | nfya5 | Hypersensitive to drought because their stomata are more open than the wild-type | Li et al. (2008) |
| NPX1 | Encodes NPX1 (Nuclear Protein X1), a nuclear factor that regulates abscisic acid responses | npx1 | Stomata were more closed than the wild-type in response to ABA and were more drought tolerant | Kim et al. (2009) |
| NRT1.1 (CHL1) | Encodes NRT1.1 (CHL1), a dual-affinity nitrate transporter. The protein is expressed in guard cells and functions in stomatal opening | nrt1.1 (chl) | Lower transpiration rate and tolerant to drought | Guo et al. (2003) |
| PUB18 | Encodes a protein containing a UND, a U-box and an ARM domain | pub18 | Hypersensitive to ABA-mediated stomatal closure | Seo et al. (2012) |
| PUB19 | Encodes PUB19, a plant U-box armadillo repeat protein. Involved in the salt inhibition of germination together with PUB18 | pub19 | Hypersensitive to ABA-mediated stomatal closure | Liu et al. (2011) |
| SLAC1 | Encodes a membrane protein with 10 predicted transmembrane helices. SLAC1 is a multispanning membrane protein that is expressed predominantly in the guard cells that play a role in regulating cellular ion homeostasis and S-type anion currents. SLAC1 is important for normal stomatal closure in response to a variety of signals including elevated CO2, ozone, ABA, darkness and humidity. SLAC1:GFP localizes to the plasma membrane | slac1 | Reduced stomatal closure response to ABA, CO2, Ca2+ and ozone treatments | Vahisalu et al. (2008) |
Pink indicates genes that encode the negative regulators of ABA signaling, blue indicates genes that encode ion channels, pump, and transporters localized in the plasma membrane of guard cells, green indicates genes that encode the Ca2+-dependent protein kinases involved in the regulation of stomatal movements, brown indicates genes that encode the transcription factors involved in the regulation of stomatal movements.