Table 2.
Risk Factor | Case (n = 83) | Controls (n = 163) | OR | (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiac | ||||
History of congestive heart failure (n) | 29 | 13 | 4.1 | (1.68–10.1) |
NYHA class 4 congestive heart failure (n) | 6 | 2 | 13.9 | (2.6–74.0) |
History of coronary disease (n) | 34 | 29 | 2.6 | (1.23–5.6) |
Atrial fibrillation (n) | 20 | 13 | 2.9 | (1.11–7.8) |
History bypass surgery (n) | 38 | 11 | 13.4 | (3.2–57.0) |
Amiodarone use (n) | 12 | 3 | 4.0 | (0.87–18.6) |
Aspirin use (n) | 40 | 41 | 2.1 | (1.04–4.3) |
Surgery and ICU | ||||
Surgery before transfusion-associated circulatory overload (n) | 63 | 81 | 3.2 | (1.59–6.6) |
Duration of surgery (h) | 5.1 | 2.5 | 1.28 | (1.16–1.41) |
Cardiac surgery (n) | 41 | 14 | 10.2 | (3.2–32.0) |
Vascular surgery (n) | 6 | 5 | 6.6 | (1.17–38.0) |
Liver surgery (n) | 4 | 5 | 7.5 | (1.31–43.0) |
Mechanical ventilation (n)* | 62 | 79 | 3.7 | (1.83–7.6) |
Duration of ventilation (h)* | 10.9 | 4.6 | 1.02 | (1.00–1.03) |
Peak airway pressure (mm Hg)† | 28.6 | 25.0 | 1.1|| | (1.01–1.26) |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio* | 320 | 390 | 0.9|| | (0.87–0.99) |
Volume status | ||||
On hemodialysis (n) | 14 | 14 | 3.3 | (1.25–8.4) |
Chronic renal disease (n) | 15 | 14 | 3.2 | (0.99–10.4) |
Hemorrhagic shock (n)† | 7 | 1 | 31 | (3.1–311) |
Other types shock (n)† | 25 | 29 | 3.6 | (1.26–10.2) |
Body weight (kg) | 74.4 | 77.5 | 0.98 | (0.96–1.00) |
Estimated blood volume (L)‡ | 3.83 | 4.25 | 0.52 | (0.33–0.83) |
Blood products transfused (units)* | 6.3 | 6.0 | 1.23 | (1.17–1.3) |
Fluid balance (L)*§ | +4.77 | +2.75 | 1.18 | (1.08–1.28) |
Fluid balance/hour (L)*§ | +0.38 | +0.26 | 3.6 | (1.52–8.5) |
Central venous pressure* (mm Hg) | 13.3 | 9.7 | 1.19 | (1.04–1.36) |
Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure* (mm Hg) | 19.9 | 16.7 | 1.57 | (1.01–2.5) |
ICU = intensive care unit; NYHA = New York Heart Association.
Counts (n) are given for binary variables and means for numeric variables, with units as indicated. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted only for center and transfusion intensity.
Before onset of edema.
Before transfusion.
Nadler formula.
Fluid intake minus urine output, in Liters, total and hourly average over previous 24 hours.
Odds ratio per 10 units.