TABLE 4.
HRs (and 95% CIs) for sudden cardiac death according to alcohol intake by using 3 exposure models
| HR (95% CI)1 |
|||||
| Total alcohol (g/d) | No. of cases | Patient-years | Model 12 | Model 23 | Model 34 |
| Exposure model 1: baseline alcohol intake | |||||
| Never-drinker | 7 | 12,371 | 1.84 (0.86, 3.93) | 1.86 (0.86, 4.00) | 1.54 (0.71, 3.33) |
| Former drinker5 | 9 | 29,764 | 1.09 (0.56, 2.15) | 0.97 (0.49, 1.91) | 0.84 (0.42, 1.65) |
| 0.1–5 g/d | 142 | 522,934 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| 5.1–15 g/d | 21 | 147,098 | 0.54 (0.34, 0.85) | 0.64 (0.40, 1.02) | 0.72 (0.45, 1.15) |
| 15.1–30 g/d | 17 | 67,933 | 0.90 (0.54, 1.49) | 1.11 (0.66, 1.86) | 1.24 (0.74, 2.10) |
| >30 g/d | 9 | 36,728 | 0.89 (0.45, 1.75) | 0.91 (0.46, 1.81) | 1.04 (0.52, 2.08) |
| Exposure model 2: cumulative average alcohol intake | |||||
| Never-drinker | 3 | 4983 | 1.55 (0.49, 4.88) | 1.59 (0.50, 5.05) | 1.26 (0.39, 4.00) |
| Former drinker5 | 0 | 11,702 | NA | NA | NA |
| 0.1–5 g/d | 137 | 509,954 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| 5.1–15 g/d | 21 | 138,714 | 0.58 (0.37, 0.92) | 0.69 (0.43, 1.11) | 0.78 (0.49, 1.26) |
| 15.1–30 g/d | 12 | 64,271 | 0.69 (0.38, 1.24) | 0.82 (0.45, 1.51) | 0.94 (0.51, 1.74) |
| >30 g/d | 9 | 30,495 | 1.09 (0.55, 2.13) | 1.11 (0.55, 2.21) | 1.29 (0.65, 2.59) |
| Exposure model 3: most recent alcohol intake | |||||
| Never-drinker | 3 | 13,660 | 0.75 (0.24, 2.34) | 0.72 (0.23, 2.27) | 0.62 (0.20, 1.97) |
| Former drinker5 | 6 | 29,465 | 0.51 (0.19, 1.39) | 0.44 (0.16, 1.20) | 0.37 (0.14, 1.01) |
| 0.1–5 g/d | 152 | 530,476 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| 5.1–15 g/d | 19 | 141,850 | 0.50 (0.31, 0.82) | 0.58 (0.35, 0.96) | 0.67 (0.40, 1.10) |
| 15.1–30 g/d | 15 | 64,791 | 0.81 (0.47, 1.41) | 0.99 (0.56, 1.75) | 1.12 (0.63, 1.97) |
| >30 g/d | 10 | 36,586 | 0.87 (0.43, 1.77) | 0.88 (0.42, 1.82) | 1.02 (0.49, 2.11) |
1
HRs and 95% CIs were calculated by using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression. NA, not applicable.
2
Model 1 was adjusted for age and total energy intake.
3
Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 plus race, income, smoking status, pulse in 60 s, waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, physical activity, and hormone use.
4
Model 3 was adjusted for model 2 plus potential mediators: atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, heart failure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension.
5
There were no cases among the former drinkers for our cumulative average analysis.