Table 3.
Likelihood of experiencing any of the following while in the United States for deported and voluntary returnees
| Independent Variables | Deported | Voluntary Returnees | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Difficulties With Government Assistance |
Difficulties With Legal Services |
Difficulties With Health Care Services |
Fear of Deportation |
Difficulties With Government Assistance |
Difficulties With Legal Services |
Difficulties With Health Care Services |
Fear of Deportation |
|
| Constant | 0.87** (0.17) |
1.00** (0.16) |
1.10** (0.14) |
0.72** (0.19) |
−0.59 (0.51) |
−0.23 (0.49) |
0.08 (0.46) |
−0.86 (0.59) |
| Age | 0.001 (0.002) |
−0.001 (0.002) |
−0.001 (0.002) |
0.0002 (0.002) |
0.002 (0.004) |
0.001 (0.003) |
0.002 (0.003) |
−0.01 (0.004) |
| Male | −0.09 (0.07) |
−0.02 (0.06) |
0.04 (0.05) |
−0.02 (0.07) |
0.13 (0.11) |
0.07 (0.08) |
−0.02 (0.11) |
0.05 (0.14) |
| Secondary Education | −0.03 (0.04) |
−0.03 (0.04) |
−0.06* (0.03) |
−0.03 (0.04) |
0.06 (0.08) |
0.05 (0.07) |
0.01 (0.07) |
0.01 (0.09) |
| Preparatoria | −0.01 (0.05) |
−0.07† (0.04) |
−0.05 (0.04) |
0.01 (0.05) |
−0.01 (0.10) |
0.07 (0.08) |
−0.14* (0.07) |
−0.08 (0.10) |
| Higher Education | −0.003 (0.09) |
−0.02 (0.09) |
−0.03 (0.08) |
0.04 (0.11) |
−0.24* (0.10) |
−0.26** (0.08) |
−0.15 (0.13) |
−0.17 (0.14) |
| Married | 0.01 (0.04) |
0.01 (0.03) |
0.05 (0.03) |
0.06 (0.04) |
0.03 (0.07) |
−0.07 (0.06) |
−0.04 (0.06) |
0.24** (0.08) |
| Lived With Partner While in the U.S. | 0.12** (0.04) |
0.13** (0.04) |
0.06 (0.04) |
0.16** (0.05) |
−0.05 (0.08) |
0.06 (0.06) |
0.0567 (0.06) |
−0.01 (0.09) |
| Lived With Children While in the U.S. | 0.11* (0.05) |
0.09* (0.05) |
0.08† (0.04) |
0.14** (0.05) |
−0.05 (0.11) |
0.27** (0.11) |
0.16† (0.10) |
0.05 (0.12) |
| Previous Number of Crossings | 0.003 (0.003) |
0.004 (0.003) |
0.006* (0.002) |
−0.002 (0.004) |
−0.01 (0.01) |
−0.01† (0.01) |
−0.01 (0.01) |
−0.01 (0.01) |
| Previous Number of Deportations | −0.01 (0.01) |
−0.007 (0.006) |
−0.01** (0.004) |
−0.001 (0.01) |
0.02 (0.01) |
0.02* (0.01) |
0.02* (0.01) |
0.03** (0.01) |
| Worked in the U.S. Last Migration Spell | 0.11* (0.04) |
0.04 (0.04) |
0.04 (0.04) |
0.09* (0.04) |
0.14 (0.09) |
0.07 (0.08) |
0.13 (0.08) |
0.05 (0.10) |
| Lived in Poor Housing While in the U.S. | 0.18† (0.10) |
0.01 (0.09) |
0.08 (0.09) |
0.02 (0.11) |
0.29 (0.24) |
0.22 (0.20) |
0.40* (0.20) |
0.19 (0.21) |
| Length of Stay in the U.S. Last Migration Spell |
−2.80e-06 (7.60e-06) |
3.67e-06 (6.64e-06) |
2.63e-06 (6.35e-06) |
8.45e-06 (7.99e-06) |
−2.14e-05 (1.73e-05) |
8.18e-06 (1.38e-05) |
−2.05e-06 (1.29e-05) |
1.01e-05 (2.20e-05) |
| E-Verify State | 0.21 (0.25) |
−0.22 (0.23) |
−0.18 (0.23) |
−0.06 (0.21) |
−0.40 (0.50) |
−0.60 (0.43) |
−0.48 (0.40) |
2.82*** (0.54) |
| Time Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| State Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| State-Level Time Trends | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Observations | 836 | 836 | 836 | 836 | 256 | 256 | 256 | 256 |
| R 2 | .13 | .11 | .11 | .11 | .21 | .20 | .20 | .20 |
Note: Robust standard errors are in parentheses.
†
p < .10
*
p < .05
**
p < .01