Table 1.

Means, 4-Year-Olds in Child Care Centers

	Full Sample		Low- Income Familiesa
	CACFP Participation		CACFP Participation		Among CACFP Participants: HS Participation
	No (1)	Yes (2)	No (3)	Yes (4)	No (5)	Yes (6)
1. Outcomes
Child's healthy food intake
Milk, 2+ cups/day	0.70	0.73*	0.66	0.75*	0.74	0.75
Fruit or Juice, 3+ servings/day	0.48	0.54*	0.54	0.57	0.53	0.61*
Vegetables, 2+ servings/day	0.32	0.40*	0.38	0.41	0.37	0.45*
Child's avoidance of less-healthy foods
Salty Snacks, <= 1 – 3 servings/week	0.61	0.59	0.55	0.60	0.60	0.60
Fast Food < = 1 – 3 servings/week	0.91	0.87*	0.90	0.86*	0.88	0.84
Sweet Snacks, < = 1 – 3 servings/week	0.34	0.42*	0.41	0.44	0.45	0.46
Sodas <= to 1 – 3 servings/week	0.74	0.57*	0.61	0.56*	0.56	0.56
Child's weight-for-height (measured)
Underweight	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.02
Overweight	0.15	0.19*	0.23	0.20	0.18	0.21
Overweight or at-risk of overweight	0.32	0.39*	0.37	0.39	0.39	0.39
Child and household food insecurity
Household is food insecure	0.08	0.32*	0.34	0.45*	0.41	0.49*
Children are food insecure	0.05	0.20*	0.19	0.28*	0.25	0.31*
2. Child characteristics
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic	0.13	0.30*	0.25	0.33*	0.33	0.34
Non-Hispanic, White	0.73	0.39*	0.51	0.33*	0.34	0.30
Non-Hispanic, Black	0.07	0.25*	0.17	0.28*	0.27	0.30
Non-Hispanic, Other	0.07	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06
Child was born low birth weight	0.05	0.09*	0.07	0.09	0.09	0.09
Mother ever breast fed child	0.78	0.61*	0.65	0.58*	0.61	0.55*
Child had < 2 check-upsd in last 2 years	0.16	0.17	0.18	0.17	0.20	0.13*
3. Family income and neighborhood poverty
Family Income-to-Needs Ratioe	4.36	1.83*	1.19	1.00*	1.09	0.91*
Since last interview, family Food Stamps use	0.09	0.42*	0.42	0.58*	0.52	0.65*
Since last interview, family TANF use	0.03	0.14*	0.12	0.20*	0.18	0.22*
Since last interview, child WIC use	0.13	0.54*	0.49	0.68*	0.65	0.73*
Young child poverty rate in ZIP code	12.2	22.7*	19.6	25.4*	25.5	25.5
4. Mother characteristics
Mother's age	34.5	30.7*	30.8	29.7*	29.7	29.8
Mother's education
Less than high school	0.11	0.32*	0.34	0.40*	0.38	0.44*
High school graduate	0.10	0.25*	0.18	0.28*	0.26	0.29
Some college	0.30	0.31	0.35	0.28*	0.31	0.26
Bachelor's degree or higher	0.49	0.12*	0.13	0.04*	0.06	0.02*
Mother married	0.84	0.53*	0.51	0.44*	0.46	0.45
Mother's employment status
Not employed	0.38	0.39	0.39	0.46*	0.41	0.54*
Full-time	0.39	0.43*	0.39	0.35	0.38	0.30*
Part-time	0.23	0.18*	0.22	0.18	0.20	0.16*
No English at home or mother not born in US	0.15	0.27*	0.21	0.30*	0.29	0.31
Household has rules about food	0.87	0.69*	0.74	0.65*	0.68	0.62*
5. Center characteristics
Head Start (HS)	0.00	0.35*	0.00	0.44*	0.00	1.00*
Non-HSb center, refers to or from HS	0.21	0.37*	0.36	0.34	0.62	0.00*
Not Head Start	0.79	0.28*	0.64	0.22*	0.38	0.00*
Director experience at center, years	7.88	7.30*	7.39	7.42	6.95	8.0*7
Sponsorship and Accreditation
Center for-profit	0.33	0.14*	0.29	0.12*	0.16	0.05*
Center not sponsored, non-profit	0.28	0.31*	0.26	0.31*	0.20	0.46*
Center sponsored, non-profit	0.38	0.55*	0.40	0.57*	0.63	0.49*
Center accredited	0.40	0.58*	0.41	0.59*	0.61	0.58
Licensure and Size
Center Licensed	0.74	0.86*	0.73	0.85*	0.80	0.92*
Center Licensed to Care Size	79.4	122.4*	74.0	121.8*	128.5	108.3*
6. Lagged child outcomes (age 2)
Food Insecurity at Age 2
Not food insecure	0.92	0.76*	0.77	0.71*	0.71	0.68
Household food insecure only	0.04	0.11*	0.11	0.13	0.13	0.15
Household and children food insecure	0.04	0.13*	0.11	0.16*	0.16	0.17
Child milk consumption at age 2
No milk consumption	0.21	0.26*	0.27	0.27	0.25	0.29
Drinks milk with meals only	0.29	0.25*	0.25	0.25	0.24	0.24
Drinks milk with snacks only	0.18	0.23*	0.24	0.23	0.24	0.22
Drinks milk with snacks and meals	0.32	0.25*	0.24	0.26	0.26	0.25
Child BMI at age 2	17.3	17.7*	17.3	17.8*	17.8	17.7
Unweighted sample sizec	2200	1850	500	1300	750	600

Note. HS = Head Start; TANF = Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; WIC = Supplemental Feeding Program for Women, Infants and Children; CACFP = Child and Adult Care Food Program; BMI = Body Mass Index; HH=Household.

^aFamily incomes less than 185% of federal poverty line or participates in TANF or Food Stamps.

^bRefers to or from Head Start or Early Head Start.

^cSample size rounded to the nearest 50 per ECLS-B license agreement.

^dCheck-ups for well-child care only.

^eFamily income divided by the federal poverty threshold specific to the family size and age composition (number of adults and number of children).

^*p<0.05, for test of equal means (or proportion) in the corresponding “yes” and “no” column.