Table 2.
Effects of CACFP on Nutrition-Related Outcomes: Propensity Score Weighted Logistic Regressions 4-Year-Olds in Centers Odds Ratio (95% CI) [Difference in Predicted Probabilitya]
| Mean of Outcome, Low-Income Non-Participants (1) | Sample |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | All Incomes (2) | Low-Incomeb (3) | Low-Income Not in Head Startb (4) | |
| Healthy food intake | ||||
| Milk, 2+ cup/day | 0.66 | 1.23+ (0.97, 1.57) [0.04] | 1.39* (1.03, 1.89) [0.06] | 1.41+ (0.99, 2.01) [0.07] |
| Fruits or juice, 3+ servings/day | 0.54 | 1.18 (0.95, 1.48) [0.04] | 1.20 (0.90, 1.60) [0.04] | 1.08 (0.78, 1.49) [0.02] |
| Vegetables, 2+ servings/day | 0.38 | 1.60* (1.27, 2.02) [0.11] | 1.58* (1.15, 2.14) [0.11] | 1.48* (1.04, 2.11) [0.09] |
| Avoidance of less healthy foods | ||||
| Salty snacks, <= 1–3 servings/wk | 0.55 | 1.11 (0.88, 1.40) [0.03] | 1.16 (0.85, 1.58) [0.04] | 1.29 (0.92, 1.81) [0.06] |
| Fast food, <= 1–3 servings/wk | 0.90 | 1.00 (0.73, 1.37) [−0.00] | 0.92 (0.63, 1.35) [−0.01] | 1.04 (0.67, 1.63) [0.00] |
| Sweet snacks, <= 1–3 servings/wk | 0.41 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) [−0.03] | 0.96 (0.70, 1.32) [−0.01] | 0.96 (0.68, 1.34) [−0.01] |
| Soda, <= 1-3 servings/wk | 0.61 | 0.78+ (0.61, 1.00) [−0.05] | 0.77+ (0.56, 1.05) [−0.06] | 0.85 (0.59, 1.22) [−0.04] |
| Weight-for-height | ||||
| Underweight | 0.03 | 0.51* (0.26, 0.97) [−0.003] | 0.54 (0.24, 1.21) [−0.002] | 0.41+ (0.15, 1.11) [−0.003] |
| Overweight | 0.23 | 0.83 (0.60, 1.15) [−0.02] | 0.79 (0.54, 1.17) [−0.03] | 0.64+ (0.41, 1.00) [−0.06] |
| Overweight/at-risk of overweight | 0.37 | 1.08 (0.82, 1.43) [0.02] | 1.03 (0.73, 1.46) [0.01] | 1.01 (0.69, 1.48) [0.00] |
| Food insecure | ||||
| Household | 0.34 | 0.95 (0.70, 1.30) [−0.00] | 0.85 (0.62, 1.16) [−0.04] | 0.84 (0.58, 1.21) [−0.04] |
| Children | 0.19 | 1.02 (0.73, 1.43) [0.00] | 0.98 (0.70, 1.36) [−0.00] | 1.02 (0.68, 1.51) [0.00] |
| Unweighted sample sizec | 500 | 4050 | 1750 | 1200 |
p < 0.05; + 0.05< p <0.10 from two-sided tests.
HS = Head Start.
Probabilities predicted at covariate means.
Low-income is family income <185% of the federal poverty line or family participates in Food Stamps/SNAP or TANF.
Rounded to the nearest 50 per the ECLS-B license agreement, after imputation of missing data for covariates. See text for details of multiple imputation procedures.
Controls: In addition to those listed in Table 1, covariates include child's age (in months), gender, presence of other children in the household (dummy variables for presence of other children under age 6 and other children aged 6–18), region of residence, and parent sampling weight. For the sample that does not include Head Start centers (Column 4) only, we also include a control for whether the center had a referral relationship with Head Start.