Table 1.

Most important effects of EPO on different growth factors in wound healing

Factor	Action	EPO action	Tissue, organ, species	Reference
TNF-α	Primary-injury response	Antagonist	Neuronal tissue, brain, mice	[9]
IL-2, -6, -8	Proinflammatory cytokines	Inhibition	Human histiocytic lymphoma cells	[10]
				[11]
γ-interferon	Proinflammatory cytokine	Inhibition	Human histiocytic lymphoma cells	[10]
MIP 1 u. 2	Proinflammatory protein	Inhibition	Cartilage, mice (arthritis model)	[12]
Myeloperoxidase	Invasion-marker for macrophages	Inhibition	Neuronal tissue, brain, mice	[13]
IL-1β	Proinflammatory cytokine	Inhibition	Human histiocytic lymphoma cells	[10]
γ-interferon	Proinflammatory cytokine	Inhibition	Human leucocytes	[14]
VEGF	Angiogenesis	Stimulation	Skin, microvessels, mice	[15]
eNOS	Recruitment of EPCs	Stimulation	Skin, microvessels, mice	[16]
EGF	Angiogenesis	Stimulation	Heart, microvessels, neovasculature, rat	[17]
HIF-1α / HIF-2α	Adaption to hypoxia, stimulation of EPO and VEGF	Stimulation	Human hepatoma cell lines	[18]
EPAS 1	Adaption to hypoxia	Stimulation	Cortical astrocytes	[19]
			Cortical astrocytes	[19]
iNOS	Relaxation of smooth muscle cells	Stimulation	Skin, microvessels, mice	[15]
BCL-Xl	Anti-apoptotic	Stimulation	Erythroid progenitor cell line, mice	[20]
IGF-I	Anti-apoptotic	Stimulation	Astrocytoma cell line	[21]
	cell proliferation
Caspase-3	Apoptosis	Inhibition	Kidney, rat	[22]
BCL-2	Anti-apoptotic	Stimulation	Erythroid progenitor cell line, mice	[23]
	proliferation
hsp 70	Intracellular protective processes	Stimulation	Human TF-1 cell line	[24]

BCL: B-cell lymphoma; EGF: endothelial growth factor; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; EPAS: endothelial PAS domain-containing protein; EPC: endothelial progenitor cell; hsp: heat shock protein; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.