Table 4. Biomeasures of Insulin Resistance, Central Adiposity, and Cardiovascular Inflammation among Women and Men in the Jackson Heart Study Prevalence Ratios and (95% Confidence Intervals).

	Women			Men
	N = 2,454			N = 1,455
	Elevated HOMA-IR	Elevated Waist Circumference	Elevated C-reactive Protein	Elevated HOMA-IR	Elevated Waist Circumference	Elevated C-reactive Protein
Lives in Most Disadvantaged Neighborhoods	0.97 (0.89, 1.06)	1.02 (0.97, 1.06)	1.05 (0.96, 1.15)	1.08 (0.94, 1.23)	0.97 (0.88, 1.07)	0.98 (0.84, 1.14)
Perceives Neighborhood as Unsafe	1.01 (0.92, 1.10)	1.06 (1.02, 1.11)	1.05 (0.98, 1.13)	1.25 (1.08, 1.46)	1.05 (0.93, 1.20)	0.93 (0.79, 1.10)
Active Living Index	0.90 (0.85, 0.95)	1.00 (0.97, 1.03)	0.89 (0.85, 0.94)	0.89 (0.81, 0.97)	0.92 (0.85, 1.00)	0.80 (0.72, 0.89)
Current smoker	0.85 (0.74, 0.98)	1.02 (0.95, 1.10)	1.08 (0.95, 1.21)	0.74 (0.58, 0.93)	1.01 (0.87, 1.18)	1.48 (1.28, 1.71)

Figures estimate associations with elevated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) greater than or equal to 3.31, elevated waist circumference greater than 88 cm, and elevated C-reactive protein greater or equal to 3.0 mg/L. Prevalence ratios estimated via binomial log regression with multiple imputations for missing covariates performed in PROC GENMOD, with repeated statement for neighborhood census tracts. Analysis excludes all diabetics (self-reported, use of diabetic medications, elevated fasting plasma glucose equal or greater than126 mg/dL, or hemoglobin A1C greater or equal to 6.5%), individuals with ≤400 kcal daily energy intake and individuals with HOMA-IR <0. Analyses are fully adjusted for listed covariates plus age, neighborhood stability, dietary intake (meeting USDA recommendations regarding the percentage of calories in carbohydrate and fat consumed, exceeding 15% of calories as protein, dietary fiber intake, and percentage of calories consumed as alcohol), scaled family household income, and less than high school educational attainment. Reference categories: Lives in most advantaged neighborhoods, does not perceives neighborhood as unsafe, former or never smoker. Active Living Index modeled as a continuous variable.