Table 1.
Univariate frequencies and bivariate analyses of independent variables with Osteoporosis and Milk Intake among Korean women in California, 2007. a
| Overall Sample |
Osteoporosisb | Drank Milk Once/Day Ages 12-18 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=590) | Yes (N=44) |
No (N=546) |
Yes (N=174) |
No (N=414) |
|
| % | % | % | % | ||
| Born in U.S. | 6.2 | 0.0 | 6.8 | *11.5 | 4.1 |
| Lived in U.S. by the age of 18 | 28.0% | *4.5% | 29.9% | *38.7% | 23.4% |
| Self-reported poor or very poor health |
7.8 | *20.9 | 6.7 | *4.0 | 9.2 |
| Insured | 63.6 | *81.4 | 62.2 | *60.1 | 65.0 |
| Currently Married | 69.5 | 68.2 | 69.5 | *60.0 | 72.5 |
| Employed | 35.1 | *20.5 | 36.4 | 37.4 | 34.2 |
| Menopausal | 30.7 | *62.2 | 26.6 | *11.2 | 38.7 |
| Consumed Milk 1+/Day | |||||
| Ages 12-18 | 29.4 | *14.0 | 30.7 | -- | -- |
| Ages 19-34 | 22.3 | 16.3 | 22.7 | *56.0 | 7.9 |
| Ages 35+ | 23.4 | 27.3 | 22.9 | *40.0 | 18.9 |
| Currently | 26.2 | 27.3 | 26.1 | *47.6 | 17.3 |
| Daily calcium supplements | 22.8 | *55.8 | 20.1 | *16.1 | 25.8 |
| Any physical activity in the past month |
68.1 | *86.4 | 66.7 | 69.0 | 67.7 |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age | 42.7 (15.9) | *64.0 (13.5) | 41.4 (14.8) | *35.4 (12.0) | 45.8 (16.3) |
| BMI | 21.8 (2.9) | *23.3 (2.8) | 21.7 (2.9) | *21.3 (3.2) | 22.0 (2.8) |
| Number of visits to doctor last year | 3.4 (4.9) | *7.3 (6.9) | 3.0 (3.4) | 3.3 (4.6) | 3.5 (5.4) |
| Number of live births | 2.1 (1.0) | *2.7 (1.4) | 2.0 (.9) | *1.9 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.0) |
| Acculturation to U.S. lifestylec | −.044 (.3) | *-.324 (.3) | −.022 (.3) | *.045 (.3) | −.080 (.3) |
| Years of Education | 15.2 (2.9) | *13.1 (4.4) | 15.4 (2.7) | *16.0 (2.3) | 14.9 (3.1) |
| Percent Education in U.S. | 21.6 (32.9) | *9.5 (26.1) | 22.6 (33.2) | *33.2 (38.7) | 16.9 (28.9) |
| Years in the U.S | 16.5 (10.2) | *22.2 (8.8) | 16.1 (10.1) | *14.5 (9.7) | 17.4 (10.3) |
| Percent life in the U.S. | 40.2 (25.2) | 36.6 (19.3) | 40.5 (25.6) | *43.2 (30.1) | 38.9 (22.7) |
| Age immigrated to U.S. | 26.2 (14.3) | *41.7 (15.2) | 25.0 (13.4) | *20.9 (13.4) | 28.4 (14.0) |
Data were collected in 2007 for women ages 18 and over of Korean descent who resided in California. Values reported in the top portion of table represent percents while values reported in bottom portion of table represent means and standard deviations. An asterisk denotes significant difference at p<.05 levels and computing either a Chi-Square analyses or a t-test using ever diagnosed with osteoporosis as the outcome variable.
Osteoporosis is defined as “yes” if the participant provided an affirmative response to‘Has a doctor ever said that you have had osteoporosis?’ and was coded as 1. Otherwise defined as no osteoporosis (coded as 0).
Continuous score on the acculturation scale. Higher scores correspond to higher assimilation to US lifestyle and lower scores correspond to adhering to more traditional Korean culture.