Table 1.

Growth factors and cytokines in PRP in different mechanisms.

Mechanisms	Growth factors and cytokines	Function
Proinflammatory cytokines	IL1, IL6, and TNF-alpha [26, 27]	Important role in the early responses of bone repair
Growth factors	Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) [36], transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, platelet-derived epidermal growth factor (PDEGF), platelet-derived angiogenesis factor (PDAF) [37], insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and platelet factor 4 (PF-4) [38, 39], vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), and endothelial growth factors (EGF) [40, 41]	Help the regeneration of tissues with low healing potential, potentially restoring biomechanical properties similar to normal bone
Angiogenesis factors	Vascular growth factor (VGF), VEGF, platelet derived membrane microparticles (PMP), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) [10]	Promote angiogenesis rapidly in the bone graft in the early stage
Factors in other mechanisms of PRP	Serotonin, histamine, dopamine, calcium, and adenosine [18]	In the dense granules in platelets and have fundamental effects on the biologic aspects of wound healing