Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, by (a) treatment category and (b) educational level, in the Retrospective Epidemiological Study to Investigate Outcome and Mortality with Glucose Lowering Drug Treatment in Primary Care (ROSE) study, 1999–2009
| (a) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample n = 32 871 | Oral agents n = 26 350 | Insulin n = 6521 | |
| Age, years | 65.6 (12.1) | 65.4 (12.0) | 66.8 (12.6) |
| Female, n | 14 797 (45%) | 11 869 (45%) | 2928 (45%) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 62 (15) | 61 (15) | 66 (16) |
| HbA1c,% | 7.8 (1.4) | 7.7 (1.4) | 8.2 (1.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 146 (18) | 146 (18) | 145 (19) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 81 (9) | 81 (9) | 79 (9) |
| Triglycerides, mm | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.0 (1.7) |
| Total cholesterol, mm | 5.3 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.2) |
| LDL cholesterol, mm | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) |
| HDL cholesterol, mm | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.6 (1.0) |
| Creatinine, μm | 85 (26) | 83 (23) | 93 (37) |
| eGFR, ml min−1 1.73 m−2 | 76 (21) | 77 (20) | 71 (23) |
| Smoker, n | 3866 (17%) | 3194 (17%) | 672 (17%) |
| Previous cardiovascular disease, n | 6228 (19%) | 4568 (17%) | 1660 (26%) |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs, n | 16 577 (50%) | 13 618 (52%) | 2959 (45%) |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n | 8682 (26%) | 7339 (28%) | 1343 (21%) |
| Education | |||
| Compulsory school | 12 891 (45%) | 10 467 (45%) | 2424 (47%) |
| Upper school | 15 438 (54%) | 12 678 (55%) | 2760 (53%) |
| Oral agents | |||
| Metformin | 17 808 (54.2%) | 16 758 (63.6%) | 1050 (16.1%) |
| Sulphonylureas | 11 335 (34.5%) | 10 688 (40.6%) | 647 (9.9%) |
| Meglitinides | 528 (1.6%) | 498 (1.9%) | 30 (0.5%) |
| Glitazones | 306 (0.9%) | 293 (1.1%) | 13 (0.2%) |
| Acarbose | 254 (0.8%) | 234 (0.9%) | 20 (0.3%) |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 37 (0.1%) | 35 (0.1%) | 2 (0.0%) |
| (b) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample n = 28 329 | Compulsory school n = 12 891 | Upper school n = 15 438 | |
| Age, years | 63.5 (11.2) | 66.6 (10.4) | 60.9 (11.5) |
| Female, n | 12 370 (44%) | 6103 (47%) | 6267 (41%) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 62 (15) | 63 (15) | 62 (15) |
| HbA1c,% | 7.8 (1.4) | 7.9 (1.4) | 7.8 (1.4) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 145 (18) | 147 (18) | 143 (17) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 81 (9) | 81 (9) | 82 (9) |
| Triglycerides, mm | 2.2 (1.7) | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.6) |
| Total cholesterol, mm | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.1) |
| LDL cholesterol, mm | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) |
| HDL cholesterol, mm | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) |
| Creatinine, μm | 83 (23) | 84 (23) | 81 (24) |
| eGFR, ml min−1 1.73 m−2 | 79 (19) | 75 (19) | 82 (19) |
| Smoker, n | 3717 (18%) | 1605 (17%) | 2112 (19%) |
| Previous cardiovascular disease, n | 4592 (16%) | 2501 (19%) | 2091 (14%) |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs, n | 14 378 (51%) | 6811 (53%) | 7567 (49%) |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n | 8246 (29%) | 3602 (28%) | 4644 (30%) |
| Glucose-lowering agents | |||
| Oral agents, n | 24 628 (87%) | 11 175 (87%) | 13 453 (87%) |
| Metformin | 16 568 (58.5%) | 7040 (54.6%) | 9528 (61.7%) |
| Sulphonylureas | 8869 (31.3%) | 4677 (36.3%) | 4192 (27.2%) |
| Meglitinides | 494 (1.7%) | 198 (1.5%) | 296 (1.9%) |
| Glitazones | 290 (1.0%) | 105 (0.8%) | 185 (1.2%) |
| Acarbose | 222 (0.8%) | 104 (0.8%) | 118 (0.8%) |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 37 (0.1%) | 11 (0.1%) | 26 (0.2%) |
| Insulin, n | 5184 (18%) | 2424 (19%) | 2760 (18%) |
Data are means (standard deviations) or numbers of individuals (per cent).
DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.