TABLE 3.
Fully-adjusted associations of dairy, vitamin D, and calcium intake with stress fracture stratified by level of high-impact activity among all girls in GUTS
| Participants with ≤1 hour high-impact activity/day | Participants with ≥1 hour high-impact activity/day | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Fully-adjusteda Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Fully-adjusteda Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Dairy intake (servings/day) | ||
| 0 servings | -- | -- |
| 1 serving | 0.54 (0.15, 1.97) | 1.35 (0.88, 2.07) |
| 2 servings | 0.85 (0.26, 2.78) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.53) |
| 3 or more servings | 0.29 (0.04, 2.37) | 1.15 (0.71, 1.84) |
| p for trend | 0.28 | 0.90 |
| Vitamin D intake quintile | ||
| Quintile 1 | -- | -- |
| Quintile 2 | 0.45 (0.08, 2.36) | 1.04 (0.62, 1.73) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.66 (0.11, 3.93) | 0.74 (0.41, 1.33) |
| Quintile 4 | 2.24 (0.56, 8.98) | 0.71 (0.38, 1.32) |
| Quintile 5 | 0.72 (0.07, 7.99) | 0.48 (0.22, 1.02) |
| p for trend | 0.55 | 0.04 |
| Calcium intake quintile | ||
| Quintile 1 | -- | -- |
| Quintile 2 | 0.15 (0.02, 1.02) | 1.29 (0.71, 2.37) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.15 (0.02, 1.28) | 1.79 (0.97, 3.30) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.48 (0.10, 2.25) | 1.24 (0.62, 2.49) |
| Quintile 5 | 0.22 (0.01, 3.83) | 2.14 (0.98, 4.69) |
| p for trend | 0.20 | 0.11 |
a
Hazard ratios above are from Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, BMI, age at menarche, maternal history of low bone density or osteoporosis, and level of high-impact physical activity. Calcium model additionally adjusted for mean-centered vitamin D intake. Vitamin D model additionally adjusted for mean-centered calcium intake.