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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Nov 20.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Biol. 2012 Nov 20;22(22):R949–R951. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.007

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic of sleep-suppressing dopamine neurons in the fly brain.

The fan-shaped body (FB) consists of three layers: dorsal (dFB), medial (mFB), and ventral (vFB). One dopamine neuron from each PPL1 cluster (PPL-dFB) suppresses sleep. Other PPL1 neurons innervate the mushroom bodies (MBs), which have previously been implicated in sleep and memory. Liu et al. [4] find that neurons from PPM3 neuronal cluster innervating vFB and mFB do not regulate sleep. Neurons from PAM cluster innervate medial lobes of MBs and signal positive and aversive reinforcement during learning. Inset depicts the magnified region within the fly brain.