Figure 9. Joint contributions to fingertip path.

A. wingtip path relative to the glenoid in a gravitational reference frame in lateral (left column) and anterior (right column) views for AF (red) and WAIR (blue). B – G show the paths after sequentially fixing one or more joints in their mean orientation and position throughout the complete wingbeat. B. pitch frozen. C. pitch and wrist motion frozen. D. pitch, wrist, and elbow motion frozen. E–G show the path after removal of each of the three degrees of freedom independently from glenohumeral motion. E. elevation/depression removed. F. protraction/retraction removed G. pronation/supination removed.