Table 1.

GCF biomarkers considered in the text and their biological significance.

Biomarkers of inflammation
Interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8)
Tumor Necrosis factors (TNF-α)
Colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF)
Growth factors (VEGF)
Arachidonic acid derivates and prostaglandins (PGE)
Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)
Substance P
Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Biomarkers of bone resorption
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)
Biomarkers of cell death
Caspase-1
Β-glucuronidase (βG)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Biomarkers of bone deposition and mineralization
Osteoprotegerin (OPG)
Bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP)