Table 1.
Demographics of the two groups (FH+ vs. FH−).
| Measure | FH+ [mean (SD)] | FH− [mean (SD)] | T-Tests [t(1,40); p] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child | Age | 5.65 (0.46) | 5.51 (0.30) | 1.17; 0.25 |
| Gender | 9 female/13 male | 11 female/9 male | χ2 (1, N = 42) = 0.83, p=0.36 | |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) | 0.09 (0.94) | −0.15 (1.11) | 0.73; 0.468 | |
| Woodcock Johnson III brief intellectual ability-ss (IQ)a | 116.64 (10.86) | 121.95 (10.09) | 1.64; 0.109 | |
| Woodcock Johnson III visual matching-ss (Processing Speed-PS) | 104.05 (12.21) | 107.60 (11.07) | 0.99; 0.331 | |
| Woodcock reading mastery test letter ID-ss (LID) | 105.95 (8.73) | 115.50 (9.73) | 3.35; 0.002 | |
| Rapid automized naming color and object-ss (RAN) | 96.89 (17.07) | 101.30 (14.32) | 0.90; 0.372 | |
| CTOPP phonological awareness-cs (PA) | 106.45 (14.18) | 118.80 (12.15) | 3.01; 0.004 | |
| CTOPP phonological memory-cs (PM) | 104.27 (12.26) | 110.95 (11.02) | 1.85; 0.072 | |
| Total gray matter volume (TGMV) | 709.84 (65.53) | 711.88 (57.68) | 0.11; 0.916 | |
| Total white matter volume (TWMV) | 453.61 (46.29) | 451.31 (36.29) | 0.18; 0.859 | |
| HOMEb I (learning materials subscale) mean score | 0.87 (0.09) | 0.85 (0.08) | 0.73; 0.469 | |
| HOME II (language stimulation subscale) mean score | 0.98 (0.05) | 0.99 (0.44) | 0.42; 0.676 | |
| HOME V (academic stimulation subscale) mean score | 0.92 (0.28) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.22; 0.230 | |
| FESc (achievement subscale) mean score | 2.99 (0.42) | 3.02 (0.52) | 0.19; 0.854 | |
| FES (intellectual-cultural subscale) mean score | 3.68 (0.57) | 3.77 (0.43) | 0.61; 0.547 | |
| Maternal | Age (Age-M) | 40.26 (4.12) | 37.58 (4.14) | 2.10; 0.042 |
| ARHQ (MFamRI) | 0.36 (0.17) | 0.25 (0.09) | 2.41; 0.021 | |
| Percent educational time with child (ET-M) | 68.86 (15.17) | 67.71 (21.15) | 0.20; 0.839 | |
| Education level (Ed-M) | 17.30 (1.91) | 17.13 (2.41) | 0.26; 0.800 | |
| WAIS-R-ss (IQ-M) | 112.00 (6.26) | 113.75 (4.82) | 1.01; 0.320 | |
| Paternal | Age (Age-P) | 42.83 (5.61) | 40.79 (5.07) | 1.21; 0.232 |
| ARHQ (PFamRI) | 0.40 (0.16) | 0.26 (0.09) | 3.55; 0.001 | |
| Percent educational time with child (ET-P) | 31.10 (15.16) | 32.27 (21.15) | 0.21; 0.836 | |
| Education level (Ed-P) | 16.36 (1.62) | 17.00 (2.64) | 0.95; 0.347 | |
| WAIS-R-ss (IQ-P) | 110.95 (6.55) | 113.37 (4.39) | 1.35; 0.186 | |
| Parental characteristics with history of reading disorder (RD) | ||||
| ARHQ (of parents with ARHQ≥0.4) | 0.52 (0.09) | N/A | ||
| Test of Word Reading Efficiency–Phonological Decoding-ss (TOWRE-PDE-ss) | 87.24 (10.99) | N/A | ||
| Parental characteristics without history of RD | ||||
| ARHQ (of parents with ARHQ≤0.4) | 0.25 (0.10) | 0.26 (0.6) | 0.26; 0.793 | |
| Test of Word Reading Efficiency–Phonological Decoding-ss (TOWRE-PDE-ss) | 95.53 (8.10) | 97.34 (8.40) | 0.63; 0.532 | |
a
ss represents standard score and cs represents composite score. Refer to Black et al., 2012 for further details of measurements.
b
Refers to the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment.
c
Refers to the Family Environment Scale.