Table 4.

Additional cases with scintigraphic evidence suggestive of an autonomous thyroid nodule without documented hyperthyroidism (or already on levothyroxine replacement therapy) discovered to harbor thyroid carcinoma on pathologic review

#	Age	Sex	Tumor growth (cm)	High risk historya	Suspicious U/Sb	Nodule sizec (cm)	Tumor sized (cm)	TFTse	Toxic sx?	Compression sx?	Scan type	FNA	Surgical path	Reference (1st author)
1	51	F	2.7→5.3 in 2yrs	-	-	5.3	5	on LT4	-	+	Tc,131I	Follicular neoplasm	Poor diff cancer	Low [61]
2	44	F		-		3.5	3.7	nl	-	- →+	Tc	Benign	FTC	Schneider [62]
3	47	M				1.4	1	nl	-		123I		PTC	Bourasseau [41]
4	34	F				1	1	nl	-		123I	“Cancer”	PTC	Bourasseau [41]
5	37	F				1.5	1.5	nl	-		123I	Nondiagnostic	FTC	Bourasseau [41]
6	39	M				3		nl			123I		FVPTC	Mizukami [46]
7	69	F		Prior PTC		4	3.3	on LT4	+	-	131I		Hurthle	Caplan [63]
8	39	M			HE,PD,Cal		1.5	nl	-	-	123I		PTC	Michigishi [64]
9	65	F				4.3		nl			Tc		PTC	Ikekubo [48]
10	37	F				2.5		nl			Tc		PTC	Ikekubo [48]
11	39	F				3.5		nl			Tc		PTC	Ikekubo [48]
12	38	F				4.5		nl			Tc		PTC	Ikekubo [48]
13	35	F		-		1	0.4	nl	-	-	123I		PTC	Rubenfeld [65]
14	51	M		XRT		“large”		on LT4	-		123I		FTC	Nagai [50]
15	19	F	4x2→4x3 in 1 yr			4	4	nl	-	-	131I		PTC/FTC	Abdel-Razzak [66]
16	15	F		-				nl	-	-	Tc		PTC	Scott [67]
17	27	F			-	4	2.3	nl	+	-	131I		PTC	Fujimoto [68]
18	21	F				3	1	NA	+	+	131I		PTC	Becker [69]
19	23	F				1.5	1	NA	-	-	131I		PTC	Becker [69]
20	28	M				4.5	0.5	NA	+	-	131I		PTC	Molnar [70]
21	54	M				8.5		NA			131I		FTC	Als [58]
22	62	F						NA			131I		PTC	Als [58]
23	61	M						NA			131I		FTC	Als [58]
24	50	M				10		NA			131I		FTC	Als [58]
25	65	F				5		NA			131I		FTC	Als [58]
26	55	F				5.5		NA			131I		FTC	Als [58]
27	66	F			Cal			nl	-	+	Tc,131I	Colloid goiter	PTC	Bitterman [33]
77	35	M		-		5.4	0.5	Highf					Hurthle	Zanella [17]

Abbreviations: + = yes; - = no; Cal = microcalcifications; FNA = fine needle aspiration; FTC = follicular thyroid carcinoma; FVPTC = follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; HE = hypoechoic; ¹²³I = Iodine-123; ¹³¹I = Iodine-131; IV = internal vascularity; LT₄ = levothyroxine; NA = not available; nl = normal; PD = poorly demarcated; PTC = papillary thyroid carcinoma; sx = symptoms; SHT = subclinical hyperthyroidism; fT₃ = free triiodothyronine; fT₄ = free thyroxine; TT₃ = total triiodothyronine; TT₄ = total thyroxine; ^99mTc = technetium-99m-pertechnetate; TFTs = thyroid function testing; U/S = ultrasound; XRT = external beam radiotherapy.

^a High-risk history: ionizing radiation exposure as child/adolescent, prior personal history of thyroid cancer, and family history of thyroid cancer in one or more 1st-degree relatives; as per Cooper et al. [6].

^b Suspicious ultrasound: hypoechoic, microcalcifications, increased nodular vascularity, poorly demarcated; as per Cooper et al. [6].

^c Nodule size: The largest diameter of the thyroid nodule measured by ultrasonography, or if ultrasound not available, then by palpation.

^d Tumor size: The largest diameter of the thyroid nodule measured grossly after surgical resection.

^e TFTs: Indicates which thyroid hormone values (total T3, total T4, free T₃, and/or free T₄) were elevated at time of presentation, as opposed to SHT or euthyroidism. Of note, for many of these cases, no mention of one or more of these four standard thyroid hormone values was included.

^f High: Indicates that the patient was biochemically hyperthyroid, though specific thyroid hormone levels were not given.