Table 2. Relationships of food groups and macronutrients with dietary energy density (DED; kcal/g) in the subcohort (n = 15,434): the EPIC-InterAct Study.

Food groups 2	Correlation with DED3	Linear relationship with DED1
		β4	Partial R2 5	Cumulative R2 6
Fruits	−0.59	−0.09	0.30	0.30
Vegetables	−0.48	−0.12	0.12	0.42
Fats	0.32	0.57	0.11	0.53
Cakes and biscuits	0.27	0.19	0.06	0.58
Meat and meat products	0.23	0.11	0.03	0.61
Soups and bouillon	−0.16	−0.08	0.03	0.64
Potatoes and other tubers	0.11	0.03	0.02	0.66
Dairy (excl milk beverages)	−0.09	−0.04	0.02	0.68
Cereal and cereal products	0.21	0.05	0.02	0.70
Nuts and seeds	0.11	0.30	0.02	0.72
Sugar and confectionary	0.34	0.13	0.01	0.73

¹Results obtained from stepwise linear regression analyses among the subcohort.

²Sixteen food group variables (grams per day) were included: potatoes, vegetables, legumes, fruits, dairy products (except milk beverages), nuts and seeds, cereals, meat, fish, eggs, fats, sugar and confectionery, cakes and biscuits, condiments and sauces, soups, and miscellaneous.

³Spearman's rank correlation coefficient presented which represent the correlation between DED and food groups or nutrients.

⁴β regression coefficient represents the energy density (kcal/g) difference explained by 100 g foods.

⁵Partial R² (explained variance) represents the inter-individual variation in DED explained by the individual food group or nutrient. Only food or nutrient items had Partial R²>0.01 were listed here.

⁶Cumulative R² represents the sum of the inter-individual variation in DED explained by the specific food group or nutrient and previously listed food groups or nutrients.

⁷Seven macronutrients (en% per day) were included: saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, mono-&disaccharides, animal protein and plant protein.

⁸β regression coefficient represents the energy density (kcal/g) difference explained by 1% of the energy contributed by the individual nutrient.