Table 2. Regions showing abnormal causal effect with epileptogenic zone in patients (seed-to-whole-brain).

Brain Region	BA	MNI (X Y Z)			Peak t-value	Cluster Size (mm3)	mTLE	NC
DMN
PCC	31	3	−42	36	−4.33	1539	0.85	5.68*
Ant. PCu. L	31	−12	−54	30	−4.27	270	−0.31	5.77*
Dor. PCu. R	7	6	−54	57	−3.95	243	2.11*	5.99*
Pos. PCu. L	7	0	−66	36	−4.08	729	0.39	4.71*
Ant. PCu. L	7/31	−15	−45	42	−4.21	972	0.73	5.39*
MPFC	11/32	18	48	3	−4.1	216	−1.18	5.52*
Angular gyrus L	39	−45	−66	33	−4.3	837	−1.39	4.85*
Angular gyrus R	39	36	−57	33	−3.67	216	0.24	5.38*
Sup. frontal gyrus R	9	30	24	39	−3.69	135	−1.11	4.70*
Sup. frontal gyrus L	9	−21	39	42	−4.68	324	−2.50*	3.96*
Sup. frontal gyrus L	32	−15	33	36	−4.25	270	−1.16	4.47*
Visual Network
Calcarine R	17	6	−87	3	−3.87	189	−0.72	3.94*
Calcarine R	17	9	−78	3	−3.81	243	−2.27*	3.13*
Lingual gyrus R	18	12	−81	−12	−3.86	216	0.54	4.63*
Cuneus R	19	3	−84	36	−4.39	621	0.23	4.95*
Subcortical Structures
Ant. thalamus L	N/A	0	−3	9	−4.15	162	1.12	6.47*
Pos. thalamus L	N/A	−12	−30	0	−4.46	1404	−1.11	4.45*
Pos. thalamus R	N/A	30	−33	12	−4.47	2376	0.55	6.36*
Caduate nucleus L	N/A	−12	15	0	−5.77	2619	−1.73	5.73*
Caudate nucleus R	N/A	15	12	15	−6.15	3834	−3.01*	5.40*
Lentiform nucleus R	N/A	18	−6	−6	−4.1	189	0.85	5.28*
Brainstem	N/A	3	−21	−18	−4.4	135	−0.24	5.21*
Cerebellum
Vermis VIII	N/A	6	−66	−39	−4.54	243	−1.22	5.27*
Crus I R	N/A	33	−75	−33	−4.25	945	0.42	5.91*
Vermis VII	N/A	6	−69	−27	−4.74	1107	−0.68*	6.55*
Vermis VI	N/A	6	−66	−6	−3.98	243	0.34	4.77*

Abreviations: BA = Brodmann's area; R = right side; L = left side; sup. = superior; Ant. = anterior; Dor. = dorsal; PCC = posterior cingulate cortex; PCu. = precuneus; MPFC = medial prefrontal cortex; mTLE = mesial temporal lobe epilepsy; NC = normal controls; MNI = Montreal Neurological Institute coordinate.

The last two columns show the t-value of the corresponding peak voxel within patient and control group, respectively. Values with an asterisk show the mean causal effect of the corresponding cluster is significantly different from zero.