Table 1. Adaptive immune response to different vaccine types. Standard, alternative and possible predictive markers for evaluating clinical protection upon immunization of HIV-1 infected children.
| Vaccine | Vaccine type | Type of immune response | Suggested serological cut-off for protective immunity in the healthy population43 | Alternative correlates of protection studied in HIV-1 infected individuals | Possible predictive markers of responsiveness for HIV-1 infected individuals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Diphtheria toxin |
Killed/inactivated |
Th2, B-cells |
0.01–0.1 IU/mL |
LPA: SI > 352,53 |
? |
|
Tetanus toxin |
Killed/inactivated |
Th2, B-cells |
0.01–0.1 IU/mL |
LPA: SI > 352,53 |
Older age?60 Early HAART?36 |
|
Hepatitis B |
Subunit or recombinant |
Th2, B-cells |
10mIU/mL |
? |
CD4+ T-cell percentages?71-73 Short intervals between vaccinations?71-73 |
|
Influenza |
Killed/inactivated |
Th2, B-cells |
HAI: titer ≥ 40 or ≥ 4-fold antibody increase from baseline |
Antigen-specific B-cell ELISpot122 |
IL-21R upregulation on B cells and high levels of blood IL-21?90 |
|
Pneumococcus (serotype specific) |
Conjugated |
Th2, B-cells |
0.35 μg/mL |
> 2-fold antibody increase from baseline93 OPA: titer ≥ 892 Antigen-specific B-cell ELISpot98 |
Early HAART?36 |
|
Meningococcus |
Conjugated |
Th2, B-cells |
SBA: titer ≥ 4 or ≥ 8 |
? |
? |
|
HiB |
Conjugated |
Th2, B-cells |
0.15–1 μg/mL |
75 ng/mL61 |
? |
|
Measles |
Live attenuated |
Th2, B-cells, Th1, Tc |
0.12–0.32 IU/mL |
EIA: 9.0 AU/mL53,104,105 Antigen-specific B-cell ELISpot36 |
HIV-1 viral load before HAART and CD4+ T-cell counts after HAART?60 Early HAART?36 |
|
Mumps |
Live attenuated |
Th2, B-cells, Th1, Tc |
2 ELU/mL |
EIA: 9.0 AU/mL53,104,105 |
? |
|
Rubella |
Live attenuated |
Th2, B-cells, Th1, Tc |
> 10–15 IU/mL |
EIA: 10.0 AU/mL53,104,105 |
? |
|
Varicella |
Live attenuated |
Th2, B-cells, Th1, Tc |
gpELISA: ≥ 5 IU/mL |
FAMA: titer ≥ 1:279 LPA: SI > 379 |
HIV-1 viral load?79 |
| Tuberculosis (BCG) | Live attenuated | Th2, B-cells, Th1, Tc | IFN-γ: ? levels | ? | ? |
Th1–2 = CD4+ T helper 1 or 2 cells, Tc = CD8+ Cytotoxic T-cells. EIA = enzyme immunoassay, ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISpot = enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot, FAMA = fluorescent antibody membrane assay, gpELISA = glycoprotein ELISA, HAI = haemagglutination inhibition assay, LPA = lymphoproliferation assay, OPA = opsonophagocytic activity assay, SBA = serum bactericidal antibody assay, SI = stimulation index.