FIGURE 8.

ATP signaling is required for calcium oscillations in astrocytes induced by CaMKII inhibition. A, shown is the average area under the curve (± S.E., n = 3–5) for Fluo-4AM-loaded cells (calcium influx) after treatment with 10 μm tat-CN21 and/or co-treatment with various other pharmacological inhibitors, as indicated. Pharmacological inhibitors were added at −120 s; none of the inhibitors altered base line. The asterisk indicates significant difference compared with control, whereas the pound sign (#) indicates a significant difference compared with tat-CN21 (one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Dunnett's test, * and #, p < 0.05). B, shown are representative traces of astrocytic calcium response after tat-CN21 application at time 0 with suramin pretreatment at time −120 s. AU, arbitrary units.